VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY OF THE SURVEY ON BODY PRESSURE PERCEIVED BY MALE ATHLETES FROM THEIR COACHES IN TURKISH
Abstract
The aim of this study is to carry out the Turkish Validity and Reliability of the scale named “The Athletes’ Perceived Body Pressures from Coaches Questionnaire (APBPCQ)” developed by Eck and Byrd-Bredbenner, (2022) and to introduce it to the country's literature. The research universe consists of male athletes over the age of 18. KMO and Bartlett coefficients, Principal Component Analysis, Varimax Rotation Method were used for Explanatory Factor Analysis and x2/SD value, GFI, AGFI, CFI, RMSEA, SRMR fit indexes and PATH diagram were used for Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Cronbach's alpha (α) coefficient and item total correlation were used to determine internal consistency for the reliability study. Findings: It was determined that the factor loadings of all items of the scale were over 0.40 and the explained variance was 72.533% and no item was removed from the scale. In the findings regarding confirmatory factor analysis, the fit index values found for the body pressure perceived by male athletes from their coaches questionnaire were determined as normal and acceptable values (according to different index values; x2/SD value 2.16, GFI 0.98, AGFI 0.96, CFI 1.00, RMSEA 0.079 and SRMR 0.068). In the findings regarding internal consistency, the Cronbach's α coefficient for the body pressure perceived by male athletes from their coaches questionnaire was found to be 0.796. The first sub-dimension; the perception of coaches' focus on athletes' body weight, shape and muscle mass Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.889, the second sub-dimension; Cronbach's α coefficient for the perception of the role of coaches regarding athletes' body weight, body shape and muscle mass was determined as 0.807, and for the third sub-dimension; the perception that coaches should not give advice to athletes regarding body weight and shape, the Cronbach's α coefficient was determined as 0.713. Conclusion: This questionnaire, which has a high level of validity and reliability (Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient = 0.796), was determined to be a practical and easily applicable measurement in evaluating the body pressure perceived by male athletes over the age of 18 from their coaches.
Keywords
References
- Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Stewart, A. D., ve Müller, W. (2012). Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission. Sports medicine, 42, 227-249.
- Alpar R(2016). Uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik-güvenirlik. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık; syf: 672 p
- De Bruin, A. K., Bakker, F. C., ve Oudejans, R. R. (2009). Achievement goal theory and disordered eating: Relationships of disordered eating with goal orientations and motivational climate in female gymnasts and dancers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.07.002
- Devrim, A., Bilgic, P., ve Hongu, N. (2018). Is there any relationship between body image perception, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders? American journal of men's health, 12(5), 1746-1758. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883187868
- Eck, K. M., ve Byrd-Bredbenner, C. (2022). Development and Psychometric Validation of the Athletes’ Perceived Body Pressures from Coaches Questionnaire (APBPCQ). International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(24), 16416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416416
- Galli, N., Petrie, T. A., Reel, J. J., Chatterton, J. M., & Baghurst, T. M. (2014). Assessing the validity of the Weight Pressures in Sport Scale for Male Athletes. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15(2), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031762
- Gençoğlu, C., Demir, S. N., & Demircan, F. (2021). Sporda beslenme ve ergojenik destek ürünleri: bir geleneksel derleme. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(4), 56-99.
- Grogan, S. (2008) Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003100041
- Güney, M., Ersoy, G. (2020). Sporcularda Yeme Bozuklukları: Semptomları, Tedavisi ve Önlenmesi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 44-56.
- Hayran, M., Hayran, M. Sağlık araştırmaları için temel istatistik. Ankara: Art Ofset Matbacılık; 2018. p. 448 p. Heymsfield, S. (Ed.). (2005). Human body composition (Vol. 918). Human kinetics.
- Işık, F. (2024). İhmal Edilen Bir Konu: Erkeklerde Yeme Bozuklukları. Genel Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 612-626. https://doi.org/10.51123/jgehes.2024.152
- Márquez, S. (2008). Eating disorders in sports: Risk factors, health consequences, treatment and prevention. Nutricion hospitalaria, 23(3), 183-190. PMID: 18560693
- Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Mangweth, B., Bureau, B., Jouvent, R., ve Hudson, J. I. (2000). Body image perception among men in three countries. The American Journal of Psychiatric, 157(8), 1297–1301. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1297
- Reel, J. J., Petrie, T. A., SooHoo, S., & Anderson, C. M. (2013). Weight pressures in sport: Examining the factor structure and incremental validity of the weight pressures in sport—Females. Eating behaviors, 14(2), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.01.003
- Reel, J. J., SooHoo, S., Petrie, T. A., Greenleaf, C., & Carter, J. E. (2010). Slimming down for sport: Developing a weight pressures in sport measure for female athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(2), 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.2.99
- Scott, C. L., Haycraft, E., ve Plateau, C. R. (2019). Teammate influences on the eating attitudes and behaviours of athletes: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 43, 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.02.006
- Selvi, K., ve Bozo, O. (2019). Turkish adaptation of the drive for muscularity scale: A Validity and reliability study. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(14), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-07-14-05
- Stirling, A., ve Kerr, G. (2012). Perceived vulnerabilities of female athletes to the development of disordered eating behaviours. European Journal of Sport Science, 12(3), 262-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.586437
- Stoyel, H., Slee, A., Meyer, C., ve Serpell, L. (2020). Systematic review of risk factors for eating psychopathology in athletes: a critique of an etiological model. European Eating Disorders Review, 28(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2711
- Sundgot‐Borgen, J., ve Torstveit, M. (2010). Aspects of disordered eating continuum in elite high‐intensity sports. Scandinavian journal of medicine ve science in sports, 20, 112-121.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01190.x
- Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., ve Ullman, J. B. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 6, pp. 497-516).
- Yarar, H., Fidan, M., Yılmaz, S. K., Saraç, O. E., ve Eskici, G. (2023). Sporcularda Kaslı Olma Dürtüsü ve Yeme Tutumu ile İlişkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(1), 204-214. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1242689
- Yıldırım, S., Demirli, A., Günendi, G., ve Akyüz, Ö. (2024). The effect of body composition and agility levels of wrestlers on skill. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 7(3), 604-614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38021asbid.1534207.
- Zaccagni, L., ve Gualdi-Russo, E. (2023). The impact of sports involvement on body image perception and ideals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(6), 5228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065228
SPORCULARIN ANTRENÖRLERİNDEN ALGILADIKLARI VÜCUT BASKISI ANKETİ TÜRKÇE GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı Eck ve Byrd-Bredbenner, (2022) tarafından geliştirilen “The Athletes’ Perceived Body Pressures from Coaches Questionnaire (APBPCQ)” adlı ölçeğin Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğinin yapılarak ülke literatürüne kazandırılmasıdır. Araştırma evrenini 18 yaş üstü erkek sporcular oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi için KMO ve Bartlett katsayıları, Temel Bileşenler Analizi, Varimax Döndürme Yöntemi ile Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi için ise x2/SD değeri, GFI, AGFI, CFI, RMSEA, SRMR uyum indeksleri ve PATH diyagramı uygulanmıştır. Güvenirlik çalışmasına yönelik olarak iç tutarlığın belirlenmesinde Cronbach’s alfa (α) katsayısı ve madde toplam korelasyonu kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğe ait bütün maddelerin faktör yüklerinin 0.40’ın üzerinde ve açıklanan varyans %72.533 olduğu belirlenmiş, ölçekten hiçbir madde çıkarılmamıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizine yönelik bulgularda, erkek sporcuların antrenörlerinden algıladıkları vücut baskısı anketine yönelik bulunan uyum indeksi değerleri, normal ve kabul edilebilir değerler (farklı indeks değerlerine göre; x2/SD değeri 2.16, GFI 0.98, AGFI 0.96, CFI 1.00, RMSEA 0.079 ve SRMR 0.068) olarak belirlenmiştir. İç tutarlılığa yönelik bulgularda erkek sporcuların antrenörlerinden algıladıkları vücut baskısı anketi cronbach α katsayısı 0,796 olarak bulunmuştur. Birinci alt boyut; sporcuların vücut ağırlığı, şekli ve kas kütlesine ilişkin antrenörlerin odaklanma algısı cronbach α katsayısı 0,889, ikinci alt boyut; sporcuların vücut ağırlığı, vücut şekli ve kas kütlesine ilişkin antrenörlerin rol algısı cronbach α katsayısı 0,807, üçüncü alt boyut; antrenörlerin vücut ağırlığı ve şekli konusunda sporculara tavsiyede bulunmaması gerektiği algısı için cronbach α katsayısı 0,713 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak Geçerlik ve güvenirlik düzeyi (Cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı= 0.796) yüksek düzeyde bulunan bu anketin 18 yaş üstü erkek sporcuların antrenörlerinden algıladıkları vücut baskısını değerlendirmede pratik ve kolay uygulanabilir bir ölçüm olduğu belirlenmiştir.
References
- Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Stewart, A. D., ve Müller, W. (2012). Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission. Sports medicine, 42, 227-249.
- Alpar R(2016). Uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik-güvenirlik. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık; syf: 672 p
- De Bruin, A. K., Bakker, F. C., ve Oudejans, R. R. (2009). Achievement goal theory and disordered eating: Relationships of disordered eating with goal orientations and motivational climate in female gymnasts and dancers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.07.002
- Devrim, A., Bilgic, P., ve Hongu, N. (2018). Is there any relationship between body image perception, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders? American journal of men's health, 12(5), 1746-1758. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883187868
- Eck, K. M., ve Byrd-Bredbenner, C. (2022). Development and Psychometric Validation of the Athletes’ Perceived Body Pressures from Coaches Questionnaire (APBPCQ). International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(24), 16416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416416
- Galli, N., Petrie, T. A., Reel, J. J., Chatterton, J. M., & Baghurst, T. M. (2014). Assessing the validity of the Weight Pressures in Sport Scale for Male Athletes. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15(2), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031762
- Gençoğlu, C., Demir, S. N., & Demircan, F. (2021). Sporda beslenme ve ergojenik destek ürünleri: bir geleneksel derleme. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(4), 56-99.
- Grogan, S. (2008) Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003100041
- Güney, M., Ersoy, G. (2020). Sporcularda Yeme Bozuklukları: Semptomları, Tedavisi ve Önlenmesi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 44-56.
- Hayran, M., Hayran, M. Sağlık araştırmaları için temel istatistik. Ankara: Art Ofset Matbacılık; 2018. p. 448 p. Heymsfield, S. (Ed.). (2005). Human body composition (Vol. 918). Human kinetics.
- Işık, F. (2024). İhmal Edilen Bir Konu: Erkeklerde Yeme Bozuklukları. Genel Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 612-626. https://doi.org/10.51123/jgehes.2024.152
- Márquez, S. (2008). Eating disorders in sports: Risk factors, health consequences, treatment and prevention. Nutricion hospitalaria, 23(3), 183-190. PMID: 18560693
- Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Mangweth, B., Bureau, B., Jouvent, R., ve Hudson, J. I. (2000). Body image perception among men in three countries. The American Journal of Psychiatric, 157(8), 1297–1301. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1297
- Reel, J. J., Petrie, T. A., SooHoo, S., & Anderson, C. M. (2013). Weight pressures in sport: Examining the factor structure and incremental validity of the weight pressures in sport—Females. Eating behaviors, 14(2), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.01.003
- Reel, J. J., SooHoo, S., Petrie, T. A., Greenleaf, C., & Carter, J. E. (2010). Slimming down for sport: Developing a weight pressures in sport measure for female athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(2), 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.2.99
- Scott, C. L., Haycraft, E., ve Plateau, C. R. (2019). Teammate influences on the eating attitudes and behaviours of athletes: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 43, 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.02.006
- Selvi, K., ve Bozo, O. (2019). Turkish adaptation of the drive for muscularity scale: A Validity and reliability study. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(14), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-07-14-05
- Stirling, A., ve Kerr, G. (2012). Perceived vulnerabilities of female athletes to the development of disordered eating behaviours. European Journal of Sport Science, 12(3), 262-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.586437
- Stoyel, H., Slee, A., Meyer, C., ve Serpell, L. (2020). Systematic review of risk factors for eating psychopathology in athletes: a critique of an etiological model. European Eating Disorders Review, 28(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2711
- Sundgot‐Borgen, J., ve Torstveit, M. (2010). Aspects of disordered eating continuum in elite high‐intensity sports. Scandinavian journal of medicine ve science in sports, 20, 112-121.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01190.x
- Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., ve Ullman, J. B. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 6, pp. 497-516).
- Yarar, H., Fidan, M., Yılmaz, S. K., Saraç, O. E., ve Eskici, G. (2023). Sporcularda Kaslı Olma Dürtüsü ve Yeme Tutumu ile İlişkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(1), 204-214. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1242689
- Yıldırım, S., Demirli, A., Günendi, G., ve Akyüz, Ö. (2024). The effect of body composition and agility levels of wrestlers on skill. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 7(3), 604-614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38021asbid.1534207.
- Zaccagni, L., ve Gualdi-Russo, E. (2023). The impact of sports involvement on body image perception and ideals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(6), 5228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065228
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sports Training |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | August 12, 2025 |
| Publication Date | August 26, 2025 |
| Submission Date | May 2, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | August 3, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 |
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