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SEVERE HYPOHYDRATION AND INADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND BEHAVIOUR AMONG COLLEGIATE COMBAT SPORT ATHLETES

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 45 - 52

Hasan Basri Taşkın , Bayram Ceylan , Jozef Simenko Amel Mekic , Bilgehan Baydil

Abstract

This study investigated hydration and fluid intake knowledge, attitude and behaviour, and hydration status via urine specific gravity (USG) and urine colour (UC) in collegiate combat sports athletes. Forty-four athletes (judo, taekwondo, and kickboxing) voluntarily participated in the study. Hydration survey was applied and hydration status was measured via urine specific gravity (USG) and urine colour (UC) at the beginning of the preparation period. Sport had no significant main effect on hydration and fluid intake knowledge scores (F2-41=0.09, p=0.91). Moreover, it had no significant main effect on attitude scores (F2-41=0.83, p=0.44). Behavior sub-dimension scores did not differ among sports (F2-41=2.08, p=0.14). Moreover, athletes’ USG values showed no difference (F2-41=1.96, p=0.15) and UC (F2-41=0.07, p=0.93). A positive moderate correlation between knowledge and behavior sub-dimensions (r=0.488, p=0.001), and nearly perfect correlation between USG and UC (r=0.950, p=0.000). According to USG classification, most athletes presented hypohydration (66%), while only 34% were classified as hydrated. This study suggested that hypohydration is common and level of knowledge, attitude and behavior is low in collegiate combat sport athletes. Therefore, comprehensive educational interventions are suggested for these athletes and their coaches with proper rehydration process, individual fluid intake and monitoring hydration status.

Keywords

hydration judo university athletes health kickboxing

References

  • Abbasi, I. S., Lopez, R. M., Kuo, Y. T., & Shapiro, B. S. (2021). Efficacy of an Educational Intervention for Improving the Hydration Status of Female Collegiate Indoor-Sport Athletes. J Athl Train, 56(8), 829-835. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0495.19
  • Artioli, G., Gualano, B., Franchini, E., Scagliusi, F. B., Takesian, M., Fuchs, M., & Lancha Jr, A. H. (2010). Prevalence, magnitude, and methods of rapid weight loss among judo competitors. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 42(3), 436-442.
  • Barley, O. R., Chapman, D. W., & Abbiss, C. R. (2018). Weight loss strategies in combat sports and concerning habits in mixed martial arts. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 13(7), 933-939.
  • Barley, O. R., Chapman, D. W., & Abbiss, C. R. (2019). The current state of weight-cutting in combat sports. Sports, 7(5), 123.
  • Barley, O. R., Chapman, D. W., & Abbiss, C. R. (2020). Reviewing the current methods of assessing hydration in athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 17(1), 1-13.
  • Barley, O. R., Chapman, D. W., Guppy, S. N., & Abbiss, C. R. (2019). Considerations when assessing endurance in combat sport athletes. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 205.
  • Baykara, C. (2018). Farklı branşlardaki sporcuların hidrasyon bilgi düzeyi ile tutum ve davranışlarının belirlenmesi (Determination of hydration knowledge levels- attitudes and behaviors of athletes in different sports events). Sakarya Universitesi (Turkey),
  • Bialowas, D., Laskowski, R., Franchini, E., & Kujach, S. (2023). Examining the effects of pre-competition rapid weight loss on hydration status and competition performance in elite judo athletes. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 14756. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41872-1
  • Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., Hillman, S. K., Montain, S. J., Reiff, R. V., Rich, B. S., . . . Stone, J. A. (2000). National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 35(2), 212.
  • Ceylan, B., Akgül, M. Ş., Gürses, V., Baydil, B., & Aydos, L. (2020). Monitoring Hydration Status of Elite Judo Athletes During a Competition Day. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 22(1), 150-153.
  • Ceylan, B., Aydos, L., & Šimenko, J. (2022). Effect of Rapid Weight Loss on Hydration Status and Performance in Elite Judo Athletes. Biology (Basel), 11(4). doi:10.3390/biology11040500
  • Ceylan, B., & Balci, S. S. (2023). Dehydration and Rapid Weight Gain Between Weigh-in and Competition in Judo Athletes: The Differences between Women and Men. Research in Sports Medicine, 1-11. doi:10.1080/15438627.2021.1989435
  • Ceylan, B., Barley, O. R., & Balci, S. S. (2023). Changes in body mass and hydration status in judo athletes before and after a top-level competition: a descriptive case study. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 51(3), 228-233. doi:10.1080/00913847.2022.2026200
  • Ceylan, B., Baydil, B., & Aydos, L. (2021). Weigh-in time affects hydration status and acute weight gain in combat sports: A comparison of judo and wrestling. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 16(2).
  • Ceylan, B., & Santos, L. (2020). Fluid intake, hydration status and body mass changes in u-15 judo athletes during a training day. Revista Brasileira de Nutriçao Esportiva, 14(88), 516-525.
  • Ceylan, B., Taşcan, M., Simenko, J., & Balcı, Ş. (2023). Habit or lack of education? Hypohydration is present in elite senior judo athletes even during a weight-stable training camp. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 18(6), 2189-2197. doi:10.1177/17479541221122433
  • Ceylan, B., Taşcan, M. B., Simenko, J., & Balcı, Ş. S. (2023). Habit or lack of education? Hypohydration is present in elite senior judo athletes even during a weight-stable training camp. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 17479541221122433.
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  • Cian, C., Barraud, P. A., Melin, B., & Raphel, C. (2001). Effects of fluid ingestion on cognitive function after heat stress or exercise-induced dehydration. Int J Psychophysiol, 42(3), 243-251. doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00142-8
  • Cleary, M. A., Hetzler, R. K., Wasson, D., Wages, J. J., Stickley, C., & Kimura, I. F. (2012). Hydration behaviors before and after an educational and prescribed hydration intervention in adolescent athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(3), 273-281.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). The effect size. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 77-83. Dube, A., Gouws, C., & Breukelman, G. (2022). Effects of hypohydration and fluid balance in athletes' cognitive performance: a systematic review. Afr Health Sci, 22(1), 367-376. doi:10.4314/ahs.v22i1.45
  • Esa, N. H., Saad, H. A., Phing, C. H., & Karppaya, H. (2015). Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours regarding hydration and hydration status of Malaysian national weight category sports athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(3), 452.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
  • González-Alonso, J., Mora-Rodríguez, R., Below, P. R., & Coyle, E. F. (1997). Dehydration markedly impairs cardiovascular function in hyperthermic endurance athletes during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(4), 1229-1236. doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.4.1229
  • Hillyer, M., Menon, K., Singh, R., Hillyer, M., & Menon, K. (2015). The effects of dehydration on skill-based performance. Int J Sports Sci, 5(3), 99-107.
  • Janiszewska, K., & Przybyłowicz, K. E. (2020). Pre-competition weight loss models in taekwondo: identification, characteristics and risk of dehydration. Nutrients, 12(9), 2793.
  • Jenus, J. S., Pitil, P. P., & Wahed, W. J. E. (2018). Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviors Regarding Hydration and Hydration Status among Combat Sports Athletes. World Journal of Management and Behavioral Studies, 6(1), 7-10.
  • Jetton, A. M., Lawrence, M. M., Meucci, M., Haines, T. L., Collier, S. R., Morris, D. M., & Utter, A. C. (2013). Dehydration and acute weight gain in mixed martial arts fighters before competition. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(5), 1322-1326.
  • Jones, L. C., Cleary, M. A., Lopez, R. M., Zuri, R. E., & Lopez, R. (2008). Active Dehydration Impairs Upper and Lower Body Anaerobic Muscular Power. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(2), 455-463. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181635ba5
  • Judge, L. W., Kumley, R. F., Bellar, D. M., Pike, K. L., Pierson, E. E., Weidner, T., . . . Friesen, C. A. (2016). Hydration and Fluid Replacement Knowledge, Attitudes, Barriers, and Behaviors of NCAA Division 1 American Football Players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(11), 2972-2978. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001397
  • Kavouras, S., Arnaoutis, G., Makrillos, M., Garagouni, C., Nikolaou, E., Chira, O., . . . Sidossis, L. (2012). Educational intervention on water intake improves hydration status and enhances exercise performance in athletic youth. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22(5), 684-689.
  • Kavouras, S. A. (2002). Assessing hydration status. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 5(5), 519-524. Retrieved from
  • Kons, R. L., Athayde, M. S. D. S., Follmer, B., & Detanico, D. (2017). Methods and magnitudes of rapid weight loss in judo athletes over pre-competition periods. Human Movement, 18(2), 49-55.
  • Magee, P. J., Gallagher, A. M., & McCormack, J. M. (2017). High Prevalence of Dehydration and Inadequate Nutritional Knowledge Among University and Club Level Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 27(2), 158-168. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0053
  • Matthews, J. J., Stanhope, E. N., Godwin, M. S., Holmes, M. E., & Artioli, G. G. (2019). The magnitude of rapid weight loss and rapid weight gain in combat sport athletes preparing for competition: A systematic review. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(4), 441-452.
  • Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 22(1), 67-72. doi:10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18
  • Nichols, P. E., Jonnalagadda, S. S., Rosenbloom, C. A., & Trinkaus, M. (2005). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Regarding Hydration and Fluid Replacement of Collegiate Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15(5), 515-527. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.15.5.515
  • Noakes, T. D. (2007). Does dehydration impair exercise performance? Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(8), 1209-1217.
  • Pallarés, J., Martínez-Abellán, A., López-Gullón, J., Morán-Navarro, R., De la Cruz-Sánchez, E., & Mora-Rodríguez, R. (2016). Muscle contraction velocity, strength and power output changes following different degrees of hypohydration in competitive olympic combat sports. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 13(1), 1-9.
  • Pettersson, S., & Berg, C. M. (2014). Hydration status in elite wrestlers, judokas, boxers, and taekwondo athletes on competition day. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(3), 267-275.
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ÜNİVERSİTELİ MÜCADELE SPORCULARINDA CİDDİ HİPOHİDRASYON, YETERSİZ BİLGİ, TUTUM VE DAVRANIŞ

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 45 - 52

Hasan Basri Taşkın , Bayram Ceylan , Jozef Simenko Amel Mekic , Bilgehan Baydil

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, üniversiteli mücadele sporcularının hidrasyon ve sıvı alımına ilişkin bilgi, tutum ve davranışları ile idrar özgül ağırlığı (USG) ve idrar rengi (UC) aracılığıyla hidrasyon durumları incelenmiştir. Kırk dört sporcu (judo, tekvando ve kickboks) çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Hidrasyon anketi uygulanmış ve hidrasyon durumu hazırlık döneminin başında idrar özgül ağırlığı (USG) ve idrar rengi (UC) ile ölçülmüştür. Sporun hidrasyon ve sıvı alımı bilgi puanları üzerinde anlamlı bir ana etkisi yoktur (F2-41=0.09, p=0.91). Ayrıca, tutum puanları üzerinde de anlamlı bir ana etkisi yoktur (F2-41=0,83, p=0,44). Davranış alt boyut puanları spor dalları arasında farklılık göstermemiştir (F2-41=2.08, p=0.14). Ayrıca, sporcuların USG değerleri farklılık göstermemiştir (F2-41=1.96, p=0.15) ve UC (F2-41=0.07, p=0.93). Bilgi ve davranış alt boyutları arasında pozitif orta korelasyon (r=0.488, p=0.001) ve USG ile UC arasında neredeyse mükemmel korelasyon (r=0.950, p=0.000) tespit edilmiştir. USG sınıflandırmasına göre, sporcuların çoğu hipohidrasyon gösterirken (%66), sadece %34'ü hidrate olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu çalışma, hipohidratasyonun yaygın olduğunu ve üniversiteli mücadele sporcularında bilgi, tutum ve davranış düzeyinin düşük olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu nedenle, bu sporcular ve antrenörleri için uygun rehidrasyon süreci, bireysel sıvı alımı ve hidrasyon durumunun izlenmesi ile kapsamlı eğitimler önerilmektedir.

Keywords

hidrasyon judo üniversite sporcuları sağlık kickboks

References

  • Abbasi, I. S., Lopez, R. M., Kuo, Y. T., & Shapiro, B. S. (2021). Efficacy of an Educational Intervention for Improving the Hydration Status of Female Collegiate Indoor-Sport Athletes. J Athl Train, 56(8), 829-835. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0495.19
  • Artioli, G., Gualano, B., Franchini, E., Scagliusi, F. B., Takesian, M., Fuchs, M., & Lancha Jr, A. H. (2010). Prevalence, magnitude, and methods of rapid weight loss among judo competitors. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 42(3), 436-442.
  • Barley, O. R., Chapman, D. W., & Abbiss, C. R. (2018). Weight loss strategies in combat sports and concerning habits in mixed martial arts. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 13(7), 933-939.
  • Barley, O. R., Chapman, D. W., & Abbiss, C. R. (2019). The current state of weight-cutting in combat sports. Sports, 7(5), 123.
  • Barley, O. R., Chapman, D. W., & Abbiss, C. R. (2020). Reviewing the current methods of assessing hydration in athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 17(1), 1-13.
  • Barley, O. R., Chapman, D. W., Guppy, S. N., & Abbiss, C. R. (2019). Considerations when assessing endurance in combat sport athletes. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 205.
  • Baykara, C. (2018). Farklı branşlardaki sporcuların hidrasyon bilgi düzeyi ile tutum ve davranışlarının belirlenmesi (Determination of hydration knowledge levels- attitudes and behaviors of athletes in different sports events). Sakarya Universitesi (Turkey),
  • Bialowas, D., Laskowski, R., Franchini, E., & Kujach, S. (2023). Examining the effects of pre-competition rapid weight loss on hydration status and competition performance in elite judo athletes. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 14756. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41872-1
  • Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., Hillman, S. K., Montain, S. J., Reiff, R. V., Rich, B. S., . . . Stone, J. A. (2000). National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 35(2), 212.
  • Ceylan, B., Akgül, M. Ş., Gürses, V., Baydil, B., & Aydos, L. (2020). Monitoring Hydration Status of Elite Judo Athletes During a Competition Day. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 22(1), 150-153.
  • Ceylan, B., Aydos, L., & Šimenko, J. (2022). Effect of Rapid Weight Loss on Hydration Status and Performance in Elite Judo Athletes. Biology (Basel), 11(4). doi:10.3390/biology11040500
  • Ceylan, B., & Balci, S. S. (2023). Dehydration and Rapid Weight Gain Between Weigh-in and Competition in Judo Athletes: The Differences between Women and Men. Research in Sports Medicine, 1-11. doi:10.1080/15438627.2021.1989435
  • Ceylan, B., Barley, O. R., & Balci, S. S. (2023). Changes in body mass and hydration status in judo athletes before and after a top-level competition: a descriptive case study. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 51(3), 228-233. doi:10.1080/00913847.2022.2026200
  • Ceylan, B., Baydil, B., & Aydos, L. (2021). Weigh-in time affects hydration status and acute weight gain in combat sports: A comparison of judo and wrestling. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 16(2).
  • Ceylan, B., & Santos, L. (2020). Fluid intake, hydration status and body mass changes in u-15 judo athletes during a training day. Revista Brasileira de Nutriçao Esportiva, 14(88), 516-525.
  • Ceylan, B., Taşcan, M., Simenko, J., & Balcı, Ş. (2023). Habit or lack of education? Hypohydration is present in elite senior judo athletes even during a weight-stable training camp. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 18(6), 2189-2197. doi:10.1177/17479541221122433
  • Ceylan, B., Taşcan, M. B., Simenko, J., & Balcı, Ş. S. (2023). Habit or lack of education? Hypohydration is present in elite senior judo athletes even during a weight-stable training camp. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 17479541221122433.
  • Cheuvront, S. N., & Kenefick, R. W. (2014). Dehydration: Physiology, Assessment, and Performance Effects. In Comprehensive Physiology (pp. 257-285).
  • Cian, C., Barraud, P. A., Melin, B., & Raphel, C. (2001). Effects of fluid ingestion on cognitive function after heat stress or exercise-induced dehydration. Int J Psychophysiol, 42(3), 243-251. doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00142-8
  • Cleary, M. A., Hetzler, R. K., Wasson, D., Wages, J. J., Stickley, C., & Kimura, I. F. (2012). Hydration behaviors before and after an educational and prescribed hydration intervention in adolescent athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(3), 273-281.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). The effect size. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 77-83. Dube, A., Gouws, C., & Breukelman, G. (2022). Effects of hypohydration and fluid balance in athletes' cognitive performance: a systematic review. Afr Health Sci, 22(1), 367-376. doi:10.4314/ahs.v22i1.45
  • Esa, N. H., Saad, H. A., Phing, C. H., & Karppaya, H. (2015). Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours regarding hydration and hydration status of Malaysian national weight category sports athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(3), 452.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
  • González-Alonso, J., Mora-Rodríguez, R., Below, P. R., & Coyle, E. F. (1997). Dehydration markedly impairs cardiovascular function in hyperthermic endurance athletes during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(4), 1229-1236. doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.4.1229
  • Hillyer, M., Menon, K., Singh, R., Hillyer, M., & Menon, K. (2015). The effects of dehydration on skill-based performance. Int J Sports Sci, 5(3), 99-107.
  • Janiszewska, K., & Przybyłowicz, K. E. (2020). Pre-competition weight loss models in taekwondo: identification, characteristics and risk of dehydration. Nutrients, 12(9), 2793.
  • Jenus, J. S., Pitil, P. P., & Wahed, W. J. E. (2018). Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviors Regarding Hydration and Hydration Status among Combat Sports Athletes. World Journal of Management and Behavioral Studies, 6(1), 7-10.
  • Jetton, A. M., Lawrence, M. M., Meucci, M., Haines, T. L., Collier, S. R., Morris, D. M., & Utter, A. C. (2013). Dehydration and acute weight gain in mixed martial arts fighters before competition. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(5), 1322-1326.
  • Jones, L. C., Cleary, M. A., Lopez, R. M., Zuri, R. E., & Lopez, R. (2008). Active Dehydration Impairs Upper and Lower Body Anaerobic Muscular Power. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(2), 455-463. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181635ba5
  • Judge, L. W., Kumley, R. F., Bellar, D. M., Pike, K. L., Pierson, E. E., Weidner, T., . . . Friesen, C. A. (2016). Hydration and Fluid Replacement Knowledge, Attitudes, Barriers, and Behaviors of NCAA Division 1 American Football Players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(11), 2972-2978. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001397
  • Kavouras, S., Arnaoutis, G., Makrillos, M., Garagouni, C., Nikolaou, E., Chira, O., . . . Sidossis, L. (2012). Educational intervention on water intake improves hydration status and enhances exercise performance in athletic youth. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22(5), 684-689.
  • Kavouras, S. A. (2002). Assessing hydration status. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 5(5), 519-524. Retrieved from
  • Kons, R. L., Athayde, M. S. D. S., Follmer, B., & Detanico, D. (2017). Methods and magnitudes of rapid weight loss in judo athletes over pre-competition periods. Human Movement, 18(2), 49-55.
  • Magee, P. J., Gallagher, A. M., & McCormack, J. M. (2017). High Prevalence of Dehydration and Inadequate Nutritional Knowledge Among University and Club Level Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 27(2), 158-168. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0053
  • Matthews, J. J., Stanhope, E. N., Godwin, M. S., Holmes, M. E., & Artioli, G. G. (2019). The magnitude of rapid weight loss and rapid weight gain in combat sport athletes preparing for competition: A systematic review. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(4), 441-452.
  • Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 22(1), 67-72. doi:10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18
  • Nichols, P. E., Jonnalagadda, S. S., Rosenbloom, C. A., & Trinkaus, M. (2005). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Regarding Hydration and Fluid Replacement of Collegiate Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15(5), 515-527. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.15.5.515
  • Noakes, T. D. (2007). Does dehydration impair exercise performance? Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(8), 1209-1217.
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There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Exercise Physiology, Sports Nutrition
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hasan Basri Taşkın 0000-0002-0770-3214

Bayram Ceylan

Jozef Simenko

Amel Mekic

Bilgehan Baydil

Early Pub Date August 12, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date May 2, 2025
Acceptance Date August 1, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Taşkın, H. B., Ceylan, B., Simenko, J., Mekic, A., et al. (2025). SEVERE HYPOHYDRATION AND INADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND BEHAVIOUR AMONG COLLEGIATE COMBAT SPORT ATHLETES. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 45-52.
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