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DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATHLETE NUTRITION BEHAVIOR SCALE, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 16 - 25, 27.05.2025

Ayşe Zülal Gündüz , Serkan Hazar

Abstract

This research aims to develop a valid and reliable nutrition behavior scale for athletes. The evaluation of nutritional behaviors allows for the adaptation and guidance of athlete nutrition. With the current research, an athlete nutrition behavior scale has been developed. SPSS 25 and AMOS 26 were used in the analysis of the items included in the scale. The research was conducted in 2025 with professional athletes who are students at Sivas Cumhuriyet University and adult licensed athletes in the province of Sivas. In the study, qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were utilized, and this research is of an exploratory nature. A pool of items was created as a result of the literature review conducted for the items included in the scale. The items included in the scale were evaluated by an expert and a pilot study was conducted with 50 participants. Based on the responses given, a 22-item five-point Likert-type scale was applied to 228 athletes for exploratory factor analysis. During the research process, the collected data were examined, and when looking at the Cronbach's Alpha value as an internal consistency test, it was observed that the reliability value was high. When the item-total correlation values were examined, it was determined that 12 items had a correlation value above 0.30, meaning they sufficiently contributed to the identification of the structure to be measured. The KMO value of the scale is 0.85 (>0.60) and the Bartlett's test of sphericity is p=.000 (p <0.01), which is found to be significantly meaningful. The scale has a multivariate normal distribution. According to the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results of the scale applied to 202 participants, the model values were determined to be X² =116.611, sd=51, p= .00, X²/sd= 2.286, and RMSEA= .080. The X²/sd ratio being below 5 and the RMSEA value being less than or equal to .08 indicate that the model fits well and that the items in the scale adequately represent the identified factors. The other fit index values of the model were calculated as CFI= .92, TLI= .90, GFI= .90, and IFI= .92. Overall, it can be said that the fit index values show good fit. When examining the reliability values of the Athlete Nutrition Behavior Scale, it is observed that the Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient for the entire scale is .84. When looking at the reliability values calculated for each factor, the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients were found to be .82 for the "meal content" factor, .83 for the "nutrition during training/competition process" factor, and .61 for the "meal periods" factor, respectively. As seen, the Cronbach's Alpha coefficients for the entire scale and its factors are above .60. These results indicate that the Developed Athlete Nutrition Behaviors Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Keywords

nutrition behaviour sports nutrition nutrition scale

References

  • Alaunyte, I., Perry, J. L., Aubrey, T. (2015). Nutritional knowledge and eating habits of professional rugby league players: does knowledge translate into practice?. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0082-y
  • Baranauskas M., Stukas R., Tubelis L., Žagminas K., Šurkienė G., Švedas E., Giedraitis V.R., Dobrovolskij V., Abaravičius J.A. (2015). Nutritional habits among high-performance endurance athletes. Medicina (Kaunas). 51(6):351-62. doi: 10.1016/j.medici.2015.11.004.
  • Baysal A., Aksoy M., Besler H. T., Bozkurt N., Keçecioğlu S., Mercanlıgil S. M., Kutluay Merdol T., Pekcan G., Yıldız E., (2011). Diyet El Kitabı. Hatiboğlu yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Bentley, M. R., Mitchell, N., Sutton, L., & Backhouse, S. H. (2019). Sports nutritionists' perspectives on enablers and barriers to nutritional adherence in high performance sport: A qualitative analysis informed by the COM-B model and theoretical domains framework. Journal of sports sciences, 37(18), 2075–2085. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1620989
  • Bentley M.R.N. , Mitchell N., Backhouse S.H. (2020). Sports nutrition interventions: a systematic review of behavioural strategies used to promote dietary behaviour change in athletes. Appetite. Article 104645, 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104645
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005 (Original work published 1992)
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Deneysel desenler: Öntest-sontest, kontrol grubu, desen ve veri analizi. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (20. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Second Edition (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203805534
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Deguchi, M., Yokoyama, H., Hongu, N., Watanabe, H., Ogita, A., Imai, D., Suzuki, Y., Okazaki, K. (2021). Eating Perception, Nutrition Knowledge and Body Image among Para-Athletes: Practical Challenges in Nutritional Support. Nutrients. 13, 3120. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093120
  • Eck, K. M., Byrd-Bredbenner, C. (2021). Food Choice Decisions of Collegiate Division I Athletes: A Qualitative Exploratory Study. Nutrients, 13(7), 2322. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072322
  • Elsahoryi N.A., Trakman G., Al Kilani A. (2021). General and sports nutrition knowledge among Jordanian adult coaches and athletes: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS One. Nov 18;16(11): e0258123. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258123.
  • Erkorkmaz Ü., Etikan İ., Demir O., Kazım Özdamar K., Sanisoğlu Y. (2013). Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi ve Uyum İndeksleri, Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 33(1):210-23, doi: 10.5336/medsci.2011
  • Gacek, M., Wojtowicz, A., Popek, A. (2023). Personality Determinants of Eating Behaviours among an Elite Group of Polish Athletes Training in Team Sports. Nutrients, 15(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010039
  • George, D., Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Jayawardena, R., Weerasinghe, K., Trakman, G., Madhujith, T., Hills, A. P., & Kalupahana, N. S. (2023). Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaires Developed for the Athletic Population: a Systematic Review. Current nutrition reports, 12(4), 767–777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-023-00494-9
  • Jenner, S. L., Trakman, G., Coutts, A., Kempton, T., Ryan, S., Forsyth, A., Belski, R. (2018). Dietary intake of professional Australian football athletes surrounding body composition assessment. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0248-5
  • Jeukendrup, A. E. (2017). Periodized nutrition for athletes. Sports Medicine, 47(Suppl 1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0694-2
  • Kiss, A., Soós, S., Tompa, O., Temesi, Á., Lakner, Z. (2021). Measuring Athletes’ Perception of the Sport Nutrition Information Environment: The Adaptation and Validation of the Diet Information Overload Scale among Elite Athletes. Nutrients , 13, 2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082781
  • Malsagova, K.A., Kopylov, A.T., Sinitsyna, A.A., Stepanov, A.A., Izotov, A.A., Butkova, T.V., Chingin, K., Klyuchnikov, M.S., Kaysheva, A.L. (2021). Sports Nutrition: Diets, Selection Factors, Recommendations. Nutrients, 13, 3771. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113771
  • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Grayson, D. (2005). Goodness of fit in structural equation models. In A. Maydeu-Olivares & J. J. McArdle (Eds.). Contemporary psychometrics: A festschrift for Roderick P. McDonald, 275–340.
  • McGinley, J. J., Hawkins, N. D., Morrison, T., Stapleton, E., Gale, E., Janosky, J., Ellis, H. B., Ulman, S. (2024). Assessment of Sex-Specific Associations between Athletic Identity and Nutrition Habits in Competitive Youth Athletes. Nutrients, 16(17), 2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172826
  • Moss, K.; Kreutzer, A., Graybeal, A.J., Zhang, Y. (2023). Braun-Trocchio, R.; Porter, R.R.; Shah, M. Nutrient Adequacy in Endurance Athletes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health , 20, 5469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085469
  • Nascimento, M., Silva, D., Ribeiro, S., Nunes, M., Almeida, M., Mendes-Netto, R. (2016). Effect of a Nutritional Intervention in Athlete's Body Composition, Eating Behaviour and Nutritional Knowledge: A Comparison between Adults and Adolescents. Nutrients, 8(9), 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090535
  • Praz, C., Granges, M., Burtin, C., Kayser B. (2015). Nutritional behaviour and beliefs of ski-mountaineers: a semi-quantitative and qualitative study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition; Fort Lauderdale Vol. 12.
  • Ramage S., Farmer A., Eccles K.A., McCargar L. (2014). Healthy strategies for successful weight loss and weight maintenance: a systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab.;39(1):1–20. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0026. - DOI - PubMed
  • Rodriguez, N. R., DiMarco, N. M., Langley, S. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Nutrition and athletic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(3), 709-731.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
  • Secer, İ., Halmatoc, S., Veyis, F., Ates, B. (2013). Okul tükenmişlik ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Turkish Journal of Education, 2(2), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.181057
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Tam R., Gifford J.A., Beck K.L. (2022). Recent Developments in the Assessment of Nutrition Knowledge in Athletes. Current Nutrition Reports. Jun;11(2):241-252. doi: 10.1007/s13668-022-00397-1.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi (5. baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., Burke, L. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(3), 501-528.
  • Trakman G. L., Forsyth A., Hoye R., Belski R. (2017). Developing and validating a nutrition knowledge questionnaire: key methods and considerations. Public Health Nutrition.;20(15):2670-2679. doi:10.1017/S1368980017001471

SPORCU BESLENME DAVRANIŞ ÖLÇEĞİ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ, GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 16 - 25, 27.05.2025

Ayşe Zülal Gündüz , Serkan Hazar

Abstract

Bu araştırmayla sporcular için geçerli ve güvenilir bir beslenme davranışları ölçeği geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Beslenme davranışlarının değerlendirilmesi sporcu beslenmesinin uyarlanması ve yönlendirilmesine imkan sağlar. Mevcut araştırma ile sporcu beslenme davranış ölçeği geliştirilmiştir. Ölçekte yer alan maddelerin analizinde SPSS 25, AMOS 26 kullanılmıştır. Araştırma 2025 yılında profesyonel sporcu olan Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi öğrencileri ve Sivas ilinde bulunan yetişkin lisanslı sporcularla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada nitel ve nicel veri toplama yöntemlerinden faydalanılmış olup bu araştırma keşifsel bir araştırma niteliğindedir. Ölçekte yer alan maddeler için yapılan literatür taraması sonucunda madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Ölçekte yer alan maddeler uzman tarafından değerlendirilerek pilot çalışma 50 katılımcıya uygulanmış, verilen cevaplar dikkate alınarak 22 maddelik beş dereceli likert tipi ölçek açımlayıcı faktör analizi için 228 sporcuya uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sürecinde topanan veriler incelenmiş, iç tutarlılık testi olarak Cronbach’ s Alpha değerine bakıldığında güvenirlik değerinin yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Madde-toplam korelasyon değerleri incelendiğinde 12 maddenin değeri 0,30’ un üstünde korelasyona sahip olduğu, yani ölçülmek istenilen yapının belirlenmesine yeterince katkı sağladığı saptanmıştır. Ölçeğin KMO değeri 0.85 (>0,60) ve Barlett küresellik testi p=.000 (p <0.01) önemli düzeyde anlamlı bulunmuştur. Ölçek çok değişkenli normal dağılıma sahiptir. 202 katılımcıya uygulanan ölçeğin Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) sonucuna göre modelin değerlerinin X² =116.611, sd=51, p= .00, X²/sd= 2.286 ve RMSEA= .080 şeklinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. X²/sd oranının 5’in altında olması, RMSEA değerinin .08’ten küçük veya eşit olması modelin uyumunun iyi olduğunun ve ölçekte yer alan maddelerin belirlenen faktörleri iyi düzeyde temsil ettiğinin göstergesidir. Modelin diğer uyum indeks değerleri CFI= .92, TLI= .90, GFI= .90 ve IFI= .92 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde; uyum indeksi değerlerinin iyi uyum gösterdiği söylenebilir. Sporcu Beslenme Davranışları Ölçeğinin güvenirlik değerleri incelendiğinde; ölçeğin tümü için Cronbach’s Alfa güvenirlik katsayısının .84 olduğu görülmektedir. Her bir faktör için hesaplanan güvenirlik değerlerine bakıldığında ise Cronbach’s Alfa katsayılarının sırasıyla “öğün içeriği” faktörü için .82; “antrenman/müsabaka sürecinde beslenme” faktörü için .83 ve “öğün periyotları” faktörü için .61 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Görüldüğü gibi, ölçeğin tamamı ve faktörlerine ilişkin Cronbach Alfa katsayıları .60’in üzerindedir. Bu sonuçlar Geliştirilen Sporcu Beslenme Davranışları Ölçeğinin Geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

sporcu beslenmesi beslenme davranışı beslenme ölçeği

References

  • Alaunyte, I., Perry, J. L., Aubrey, T. (2015). Nutritional knowledge and eating habits of professional rugby league players: does knowledge translate into practice?. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0082-y
  • Baranauskas M., Stukas R., Tubelis L., Žagminas K., Šurkienė G., Švedas E., Giedraitis V.R., Dobrovolskij V., Abaravičius J.A. (2015). Nutritional habits among high-performance endurance athletes. Medicina (Kaunas). 51(6):351-62. doi: 10.1016/j.medici.2015.11.004.
  • Baysal A., Aksoy M., Besler H. T., Bozkurt N., Keçecioğlu S., Mercanlıgil S. M., Kutluay Merdol T., Pekcan G., Yıldız E., (2011). Diyet El Kitabı. Hatiboğlu yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Bentley, M. R., Mitchell, N., Sutton, L., & Backhouse, S. H. (2019). Sports nutritionists' perspectives on enablers and barriers to nutritional adherence in high performance sport: A qualitative analysis informed by the COM-B model and theoretical domains framework. Journal of sports sciences, 37(18), 2075–2085. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1620989
  • Bentley M.R.N. , Mitchell N., Backhouse S.H. (2020). Sports nutrition interventions: a systematic review of behavioural strategies used to promote dietary behaviour change in athletes. Appetite. Article 104645, 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104645
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005 (Original work published 1992)
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Deneysel desenler: Öntest-sontest, kontrol grubu, desen ve veri analizi. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (20. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Second Edition (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203805534
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Deguchi, M., Yokoyama, H., Hongu, N., Watanabe, H., Ogita, A., Imai, D., Suzuki, Y., Okazaki, K. (2021). Eating Perception, Nutrition Knowledge and Body Image among Para-Athletes: Practical Challenges in Nutritional Support. Nutrients. 13, 3120. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093120
  • Eck, K. M., Byrd-Bredbenner, C. (2021). Food Choice Decisions of Collegiate Division I Athletes: A Qualitative Exploratory Study. Nutrients, 13(7), 2322. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072322
  • Elsahoryi N.A., Trakman G., Al Kilani A. (2021). General and sports nutrition knowledge among Jordanian adult coaches and athletes: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS One. Nov 18;16(11): e0258123. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258123.
  • Erkorkmaz Ü., Etikan İ., Demir O., Kazım Özdamar K., Sanisoğlu Y. (2013). Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi ve Uyum İndeksleri, Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 33(1):210-23, doi: 10.5336/medsci.2011
  • Gacek, M., Wojtowicz, A., Popek, A. (2023). Personality Determinants of Eating Behaviours among an Elite Group of Polish Athletes Training in Team Sports. Nutrients, 15(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010039
  • George, D., Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Jayawardena, R., Weerasinghe, K., Trakman, G., Madhujith, T., Hills, A. P., & Kalupahana, N. S. (2023). Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaires Developed for the Athletic Population: a Systematic Review. Current nutrition reports, 12(4), 767–777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-023-00494-9
  • Jenner, S. L., Trakman, G., Coutts, A., Kempton, T., Ryan, S., Forsyth, A., Belski, R. (2018). Dietary intake of professional Australian football athletes surrounding body composition assessment. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0248-5
  • Jeukendrup, A. E. (2017). Periodized nutrition for athletes. Sports Medicine, 47(Suppl 1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0694-2
  • Kiss, A., Soós, S., Tompa, O., Temesi, Á., Lakner, Z. (2021). Measuring Athletes’ Perception of the Sport Nutrition Information Environment: The Adaptation and Validation of the Diet Information Overload Scale among Elite Athletes. Nutrients , 13, 2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082781
  • Malsagova, K.A., Kopylov, A.T., Sinitsyna, A.A., Stepanov, A.A., Izotov, A.A., Butkova, T.V., Chingin, K., Klyuchnikov, M.S., Kaysheva, A.L. (2021). Sports Nutrition: Diets, Selection Factors, Recommendations. Nutrients, 13, 3771. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113771
  • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Grayson, D. (2005). Goodness of fit in structural equation models. In A. Maydeu-Olivares & J. J. McArdle (Eds.). Contemporary psychometrics: A festschrift for Roderick P. McDonald, 275–340.
  • McGinley, J. J., Hawkins, N. D., Morrison, T., Stapleton, E., Gale, E., Janosky, J., Ellis, H. B., Ulman, S. (2024). Assessment of Sex-Specific Associations between Athletic Identity and Nutrition Habits in Competitive Youth Athletes. Nutrients, 16(17), 2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172826
  • Moss, K.; Kreutzer, A., Graybeal, A.J., Zhang, Y. (2023). Braun-Trocchio, R.; Porter, R.R.; Shah, M. Nutrient Adequacy in Endurance Athletes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health , 20, 5469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085469
  • Nascimento, M., Silva, D., Ribeiro, S., Nunes, M., Almeida, M., Mendes-Netto, R. (2016). Effect of a Nutritional Intervention in Athlete's Body Composition, Eating Behaviour and Nutritional Knowledge: A Comparison between Adults and Adolescents. Nutrients, 8(9), 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090535
  • Praz, C., Granges, M., Burtin, C., Kayser B. (2015). Nutritional behaviour and beliefs of ski-mountaineers: a semi-quantitative and qualitative study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition; Fort Lauderdale Vol. 12.
  • Ramage S., Farmer A., Eccles K.A., McCargar L. (2014). Healthy strategies for successful weight loss and weight maintenance: a systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab.;39(1):1–20. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0026. - DOI - PubMed
  • Rodriguez, N. R., DiMarco, N. M., Langley, S. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Nutrition and athletic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(3), 709-731.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
  • Secer, İ., Halmatoc, S., Veyis, F., Ates, B. (2013). Okul tükenmişlik ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Turkish Journal of Education, 2(2), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.181057
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Tam R., Gifford J.A., Beck K.L. (2022). Recent Developments in the Assessment of Nutrition Knowledge in Athletes. Current Nutrition Reports. Jun;11(2):241-252. doi: 10.1007/s13668-022-00397-1.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi (5. baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., Burke, L. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(3), 501-528.
  • Trakman G. L., Forsyth A., Hoye R., Belski R. (2017). Developing and validating a nutrition knowledge questionnaire: key methods and considerations. Public Health Nutrition.;20(15):2670-2679. doi:10.1017/S1368980017001471
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Science and Exercise (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ayşe Zülal Gündüz 0000-0002-0944-9563

Serkan Hazar 0000-0002-0428-4499

Early Pub Date May 26, 2025
Publication Date May 27, 2025
Submission Date March 19, 2025
Acceptance Date May 16, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gündüz, A. Z., & Hazar, S. (2025). SPORCU BESLENME DAVRANIŞ ÖLÇEĞİ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ, GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 16-25.
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