Araştırma Makalesi
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SPORCU BESLENME BİLGİSİ FARKINDALIĞI ÖLÇEĞİ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ, GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 19 - 27

Ayşe Zülal Gündüz , Serkan Hazar

Öz

Bu araştırma geçerli ve güvenirliği sağlanmış sporcu beslenme bilgisi farkındalığı ölçeği geliştirilmeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışma kapsamında; sporcu beslenme bilgisi farkındalığı ölçeği geliştirilmiş, verilerin analizinde R Yazılım Dili psych paketi ve SPSS 25 kullanılmıştır. Çalışma 2025 yılında, lisanslı sporcularla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında nicel veri toplama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. 50 sporcu ile pilot uygulama gerçekleştirilmiştir. 22 maddeden oluşan beşli likert tipi ölçek 135 sporcuya uygulanan ölçekten elde edilen verilerle AFA yapılmıştır. Madde-toplam korelasyonları ve faktör yükleri incelenmiş, 0.40’un altında kalan maddeler çıkarılmıştır. AFA sonucunda 13 maddeden oluşan iki faktörlü bir yapı elde edilmiş, birinci faktör toplam varyansın %25.114’ünü, ikinci faktör %23.751’ini açıklamıştır; toplam açıklanan varyans %48.865 olarak bulunmuştur. 131 sporcuya uygulanan ölçekle DFA yapılmış, model uyumu çeşitli uyum indeksleriyle (CFI, TLI, RMSEA, GFI, IFI) değerlendirilmiştir. DFA sonuçlarına göre χ²/sd = 1.044, RMSEA = .018, CFI = .995, TLI = .994, GFI = .954, SRMR = .071 olarak bulunmuş ve modelin mükemmel düzeyde veriyle uyum sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Geliştirilen ölçek; 13 madde, Sporcu Beslenmesinde Temel ilkeler ve Sporcu Beslenmesinde Doğru Bilinen Yanlışlar olarak adlandırılan 2 alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılığı Cronbach’s Alpha katsayısı ile değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçekteki 13 maddenin analizi sonucunda Alpha değeri ,772 olarak bulunmuş, bu da ölçeğin genelinin kabul edilebilir bir iç tutarlılığa sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Faktörler arasındaki korelasyon .29 olarak belirlenmiştir. Faktör analizi varsayımlarını test etmek amacıyla Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) örneklem yeterliliği testi ve Bartlett’s küresellik testi uygulanmıştır. KMO değeri .747 olarak bulunmuş ve bu değer, örneklemin faktör analizi için kabul edilebilir düzeyde yeterli olduğunu göstermiştir. Bartlett's küresellik testi anlamlı çıkmıştır (p < .001).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sporcu Sağlığı Sporcu Beslenmesi Ölçek geliştirme

Kaynakça

  • Ahmadi, F., Ebrahimi, M., & Kashani, V. (2022). Sports nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice of adolescent athletes in Tehran, Iran. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm-131584
  • Alaunyte, I., Perry, J. L., & Aubrey, T. (2015). Nutritional knowledge and eating habits of professional rugby league players: Does knowledge translate into practice? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0082-y
  • Al-Maseimi, O. D., Ahmad, L., Elsahoryi, N. A., & Al-Maaitah, L. (2025). Determining the level of knowledge and consumption of probiotics and prebiotics among athletes in Jordan. Journal of Nutritional Science, 14, e43. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2025.10013
  • Al-Quran, M., Muhamad, A., Ahmad, N., & Ooi, F. (2023). Sports nutrition knowledge, attitude, and practice among male gymnasium users in Jordan. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2022-0112
  • Amawi, A., AlKasasbeh, W., Jaradat, M., Almasri, A., Alobaidi, S., Hammad, A. A., ... & Ghazzawi, H. (2024). Athletes' nutritional demands: A narrative review of nutritional requirements. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1331854. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1331854
  • Bakhtiar, M., Masud-Ur-Rahman, M., Kamruzzaman, M., Sultana, N., & Rahman, S. S. (2021). Determinants of nutrition knowledge, attitude and practices of adolescent sports trainee: A cross-sectional study in Bangladesh. Heliyon, 7(4), e06637. Boumosleh, J. M., El Hage, C., & Farhat, A. (2021). Sports nutrition knowledge and perceptions among professional basketball athletes and coaches in Lebanon: A cross-sectional study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 13(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00280-6
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2019). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (27. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Desbrow, B. (2021). Youth athlete development and nutrition. Sports Medicine, 51(Suppl 1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01534-6
  • Dunican, I., Galpin, A., Turner, M., & Reale, R. (2024). Sleep behaviors and nutritional knowledge in amateur and professional combat sport athletes. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 38(9), 1627–1634. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004846
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Hasanpouri, A., Rahmani, B., Gharakhanlou, B., Solaimanian, S., Shahsavari, S., Rasouli, A., ... & Shiri‐Shahsavar, M. (2023). Nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice of professional athletes in an Iranian population: A cross-sectional study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-023-00776-3
  • Hillman, A., & Green, R. (2023). Sports nutrition knowledge and breakfast beliefs and habits in regularly exercising adults. Topics in Clinical Nutrition, 38(4), 294–305. https://doi.org/10.1097/tin.0000000000000310
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.
  • İslamoğlu, A., Başoğlu, İ., Özbey, A., Tosya, F., & Güneş, F. (2019). Comparison of nutrition status and knowledge level of sports trainers and individuals attended with nine-round fitness sports. International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.26524/ijpefs1942
  • Jagim, A., Fields, J., Magee, M., Kerksick, C., Luedke, J., Erickson, J., ... & Jones, M. (2021). The influence of sport nutrition knowledge on body composition and perceptions of dietary requirements in collegiate athletes. Nutrients, 13(7), 2239. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072239
  • Jayawardena, R., Weerasinghe, K., Trakman, G., Madhujith, T., Hills, A., & Kalupahana, N. (2024). Validation of a sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire for track and field athletes. [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3891666/v1
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
  • Klein, D., Eck, K., Walker, A., Pellegrino, J., & Freidenreich, D. (2021). Assessment of sport nutrition knowledge, dietary practices, and sources of nutrition information in NCAA Division III collegiate athletes. Nutrients, 13(9), 2962. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13092962
  • Kounga, P., Janvier, B., Nsompi, F., François, M., Wang, R., & Chen, P. (2023). Evaluation of sports nutrition knowledge among Congolese sport-type course students. Journal of Sports Science and Nutrition, 4(2), 122–126. https://doi.org/10.33545/27077012.2023.v4.i2b.196
  • Leitch, B. A., Wilson, P. B., Ufholz, K., Roemmich, J. N., Orysiak, J., Walch, T. J., ... & Fitzgerald, J. S. (2021). Vitamin D awareness and intake in collegiate athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(10), 2742–2748. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003240
  • Magee, M., Jones, M., Fields, J., Kresta, J., Khurelbaatar, C., Dodge, C., ... & Jagim, A. (2023). Body composition, energy availability, risk of eating disorder, and sport nutrition knowledge in young athletes. Nutrients, 15(6), 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061502
  • McCabe, E. M., Ketcham, C. J., & Hall, E. E. (2021). Good food, good mood: Perspectives on the relationship between nutrition and mental health with Division I collegiate athletic programs. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 692601. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.692601
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Özener, B., Karabulut, E., Koçahan, T., & Bilgiç, P. (2021). Validity and reliability of the Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for the Turkish athletes. Marmara Medical Journal, 34(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.5472/marumj.866534
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Patton-López, M., Manore, M., Branscum, A., Yu, M., & Wong, S. (2018). Changes in sport nutrition knowledge, attitudes/beliefs and behaviors following a two-year sport nutrition education and life-skills intervention among high school soccer players. Nutrients, 10(11), 1636. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111636
  • Revelle, W. (2020). psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research (Version 2.1.6) [R package]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych
  • Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
  • Rozmiarek, M. (2024). The role of nutrition in maintaining the health and physical condition of sports volunteers. Nutrients, 16(19), 3336. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193336
  • Sabuncular, G., Çelik, Z. M., İslamoğlu, A. H., & Özüak, A. (2024). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Short Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes. Yalova Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 114–126.
  • Staśkiewicz, W., Grochowska‐Niedworok, E., Zydek, G., Białek-Dratwa, A., Grajek, M., Jaruga-Sękowska, S., ... & Kardas, M. (2022). Changes in body composition during the macrocycle of professional football players in relation to sports nutrition knowledge. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 981894. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.981894
  • Sung, J., Lee, J., & Lee, K. (2024). Analysis of the diet, weight-loss behavior, and nutritional knowledge of athletes and coaches in weight-class sports: Influence of a coach’s nutritional knowledge on athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2024.2405159
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Tam, R., Gifford, J. A., & Beck, K. L. (2022). Recent developments in the assessment of nutrition knowledge in athletes. Current Nutrition Reports, 11(2), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-022-00397-1
  • Trakman, G. L., Forsyth, A., Hoye, R., & Belski, R. (2018). Development and validation of a brief general and sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire and assessment of athletes’ nutrition knowledge. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0223-1
  • Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4
  • Wong, A., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M. A., Son, W. M., Kwak, Y. S., & Park, S. Y. (2018). The effects of a 12-week combined exercise training program on arterial stiffness, vasoactive substances, inflammatory markers, metabolic profile, and body composition in obese adolescent girls. Pediatric Exercise Science, 30(4), 480–486. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2017-0198
  • Zawila, L. G., Steib, C. S., & Hoogenboom, B. (2003). The female collegiate cross-country runner: Nutritional knowledge and attitudes. Journal of Athletic Training, 38(1), 67–74.
  • Yurdugül, H. (2005). Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında örneklem büyüklüğü. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 1(1), 83–86.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATHLETE NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE AWARENESS SCALE, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 19 - 27

Ayşe Zülal Gündüz , Serkan Hazar

Öz

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable athlete nutrition knowledge awareness scale. Within the scope of the study, the athlete nutrition knowledge awareness scale was developed, and the R programming language psych package and SPSS 25 were used in data analysis. The study was conducted in 2025 with licenced athletes. Quantitative data collection methods were used within the scope of the study. A pilot application was conducted with 50 athletes. The 22-item five-point Likert-type scale was applied to 135 athletes, and EFA was conducted with the data obtained from the scale. Item-total correlations and factor loadings were examined, and items with a value below 0.40 were removed. As a result of the EFA, a two-factor structure consisting of 13 items was obtained. The first factor explained 25.114% of the total variance, and the second factor explained 23.751%; the total explained variance was found to be 48.865%. CFA was performed with the scale applied to 131 athletes, and model fit was evaluated with various fit indices (CFI, TLI, RMSEA, GFI, IFI). According to the CFA results, χ²/df = 1.044, RMSEA = .018, CFI = .995, TLI = .994, GFI = .954, SRMR = .071 were found, and the model was determined to have an excellent level of fit with the data. The developed scale consists of 13 items and 2 sub-dimensions named Basic Principles in Athlete Nutrition and Misconceptions in Athlete Nutrition. The internal consistency of the scale was evaluated with Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. As a result of the analysis of the 13 items in the scale, the alpha value was found to be .772, which indicates that the overall scale has an acceptable internal consistency. The correlation between the factors was determined as .29. To test the assumptions of factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sample adequacy test and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were applied. The KMO value was found to be .747, indicating that the sample was sufficiently adequate for factor analysis. Bartlett's test of sphericity was found to be significant (p < .001).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Athlete Health Sports Nutrition Scale Development

Kaynakça

  • Ahmadi, F., Ebrahimi, M., & Kashani, V. (2022). Sports nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice of adolescent athletes in Tehran, Iran. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm-131584
  • Alaunyte, I., Perry, J. L., & Aubrey, T. (2015). Nutritional knowledge and eating habits of professional rugby league players: Does knowledge translate into practice? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0082-y
  • Al-Maseimi, O. D., Ahmad, L., Elsahoryi, N. A., & Al-Maaitah, L. (2025). Determining the level of knowledge and consumption of probiotics and prebiotics among athletes in Jordan. Journal of Nutritional Science, 14, e43. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2025.10013
  • Al-Quran, M., Muhamad, A., Ahmad, N., & Ooi, F. (2023). Sports nutrition knowledge, attitude, and practice among male gymnasium users in Jordan. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2022-0112
  • Amawi, A., AlKasasbeh, W., Jaradat, M., Almasri, A., Alobaidi, S., Hammad, A. A., ... & Ghazzawi, H. (2024). Athletes' nutritional demands: A narrative review of nutritional requirements. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1331854. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1331854
  • Bakhtiar, M., Masud-Ur-Rahman, M., Kamruzzaman, M., Sultana, N., & Rahman, S. S. (2021). Determinants of nutrition knowledge, attitude and practices of adolescent sports trainee: A cross-sectional study in Bangladesh. Heliyon, 7(4), e06637. Boumosleh, J. M., El Hage, C., & Farhat, A. (2021). Sports nutrition knowledge and perceptions among professional basketball athletes and coaches in Lebanon: A cross-sectional study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 13(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00280-6
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2019). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (27. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Desbrow, B. (2021). Youth athlete development and nutrition. Sports Medicine, 51(Suppl 1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01534-6
  • Dunican, I., Galpin, A., Turner, M., & Reale, R. (2024). Sleep behaviors and nutritional knowledge in amateur and professional combat sport athletes. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 38(9), 1627–1634. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004846
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Hasanpouri, A., Rahmani, B., Gharakhanlou, B., Solaimanian, S., Shahsavari, S., Rasouli, A., ... & Shiri‐Shahsavar, M. (2023). Nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice of professional athletes in an Iranian population: A cross-sectional study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-023-00776-3
  • Hillman, A., & Green, R. (2023). Sports nutrition knowledge and breakfast beliefs and habits in regularly exercising adults. Topics in Clinical Nutrition, 38(4), 294–305. https://doi.org/10.1097/tin.0000000000000310
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.
  • İslamoğlu, A., Başoğlu, İ., Özbey, A., Tosya, F., & Güneş, F. (2019). Comparison of nutrition status and knowledge level of sports trainers and individuals attended with nine-round fitness sports. International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.26524/ijpefs1942
  • Jagim, A., Fields, J., Magee, M., Kerksick, C., Luedke, J., Erickson, J., ... & Jones, M. (2021). The influence of sport nutrition knowledge on body composition and perceptions of dietary requirements in collegiate athletes. Nutrients, 13(7), 2239. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072239
  • Jayawardena, R., Weerasinghe, K., Trakman, G., Madhujith, T., Hills, A., & Kalupahana, N. (2024). Validation of a sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire for track and field athletes. [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3891666/v1
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
  • Klein, D., Eck, K., Walker, A., Pellegrino, J., & Freidenreich, D. (2021). Assessment of sport nutrition knowledge, dietary practices, and sources of nutrition information in NCAA Division III collegiate athletes. Nutrients, 13(9), 2962. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13092962
  • Kounga, P., Janvier, B., Nsompi, F., François, M., Wang, R., & Chen, P. (2023). Evaluation of sports nutrition knowledge among Congolese sport-type course students. Journal of Sports Science and Nutrition, 4(2), 122–126. https://doi.org/10.33545/27077012.2023.v4.i2b.196
  • Leitch, B. A., Wilson, P. B., Ufholz, K., Roemmich, J. N., Orysiak, J., Walch, T. J., ... & Fitzgerald, J. S. (2021). Vitamin D awareness and intake in collegiate athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(10), 2742–2748. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003240
  • Magee, M., Jones, M., Fields, J., Kresta, J., Khurelbaatar, C., Dodge, C., ... & Jagim, A. (2023). Body composition, energy availability, risk of eating disorder, and sport nutrition knowledge in young athletes. Nutrients, 15(6), 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061502
  • McCabe, E. M., Ketcham, C. J., & Hall, E. E. (2021). Good food, good mood: Perspectives on the relationship between nutrition and mental health with Division I collegiate athletic programs. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 692601. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.692601
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Özener, B., Karabulut, E., Koçahan, T., & Bilgiç, P. (2021). Validity and reliability of the Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for the Turkish athletes. Marmara Medical Journal, 34(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.5472/marumj.866534
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Patton-López, M., Manore, M., Branscum, A., Yu, M., & Wong, S. (2018). Changes in sport nutrition knowledge, attitudes/beliefs and behaviors following a two-year sport nutrition education and life-skills intervention among high school soccer players. Nutrients, 10(11), 1636. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111636
  • Revelle, W. (2020). psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research (Version 2.1.6) [R package]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych
  • Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
  • Rozmiarek, M. (2024). The role of nutrition in maintaining the health and physical condition of sports volunteers. Nutrients, 16(19), 3336. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193336
  • Sabuncular, G., Çelik, Z. M., İslamoğlu, A. H., & Özüak, A. (2024). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Short Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes. Yalova Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 114–126.
  • Staśkiewicz, W., Grochowska‐Niedworok, E., Zydek, G., Białek-Dratwa, A., Grajek, M., Jaruga-Sękowska, S., ... & Kardas, M. (2022). Changes in body composition during the macrocycle of professional football players in relation to sports nutrition knowledge. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 981894. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.981894
  • Sung, J., Lee, J., & Lee, K. (2024). Analysis of the diet, weight-loss behavior, and nutritional knowledge of athletes and coaches in weight-class sports: Influence of a coach’s nutritional knowledge on athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2024.2405159
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Tam, R., Gifford, J. A., & Beck, K. L. (2022). Recent developments in the assessment of nutrition knowledge in athletes. Current Nutrition Reports, 11(2), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-022-00397-1
  • Trakman, G. L., Forsyth, A., Hoye, R., & Belski, R. (2018). Development and validation of a brief general and sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire and assessment of athletes’ nutrition knowledge. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0223-1
  • Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4
  • Wong, A., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M. A., Son, W. M., Kwak, Y. S., & Park, S. Y. (2018). The effects of a 12-week combined exercise training program on arterial stiffness, vasoactive substances, inflammatory markers, metabolic profile, and body composition in obese adolescent girls. Pediatric Exercise Science, 30(4), 480–486. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2017-0198
  • Zawila, L. G., Steib, C. S., & Hoogenboom, B. (2003). The female collegiate cross-country runner: Nutritional knowledge and attitudes. Journal of Athletic Training, 38(1), 67–74.
  • Yurdugül, H. (2005). Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında örneklem büyüklüğü. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 1(1), 83–86.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor ve Beslenme
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ayşe Zülal Gündüz 0000-0002-0944-9563

Serkan Hazar 0000-0002-0428-4499

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 12 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gündüz, A. Z., & Hazar, S. (2025). SPORCU BESLENME BİLGİSİ FARKINDALIĞI ÖLÇEĞİ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ, GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 19-27.
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