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Investigation of Aerobic Performances of High-Level Biathlon Athletes

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 81 - 86, 05.09.2024

Tunç İlçin , Serkan Hazar , Metin Polat

Abstract

Introduction and Purpose: The purpose of this research is; The aim of this study is to examine the effects of different training models on the physiological parameters of athletes in the Turkish Ski Federation, Biathlon National team.
Method: The research group consisted of a total of 20 athletes, 10 men and 10 women, who were volunteers in the Turkish Ski Federation Biathlon National team. Before the performance tests, common and intense endurance training models were applied and runs were performed 3 days a week for 6 weeks to develop aerobic endurance. After the 6-week study, maximal exercise test was applied in the performance laboratory and MaxVO2, RQ (respiratory frequency), running speeds, HR (a/min) and %HRmax values were recorded.
Descriptive statistics and normality tests were performed on the data, and parametric tests were applied for normally distributed values. Independent-Samples T test was applied for pairwise comparisons. The significance value was accepted as p<0.05.
Results: It was determined that the participants' average MaxVO2 values were 55.019 ml/kg/min, RQ values were 1.06, maximum heart rate values were 191.80 bpm, and anaerobic threshold heart rate was 173.72 bpm. The average running speed during the test was 12.60 km/h. A statistically significant difference (p = 0.031) was observed in MaxVO2 values between males (x±sd = 60.07±4.95) and females (x±sd = 50.32±2.15), in favor of male participants. However, no statistically significant difference was found in RQ values between male and female participants (p<0.05).
Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was determined that the MaxVO2 values of the athletes in the Turkish National Biathlon Team were significantly lower compared to the MaxVO2 values of athletes who have placed in European, World, and Olympic championships.

Keywords

training physiology ski

References

  • Alves, E.A., Salermo, G.P., Panissa, V.L.G., Franchini, E. & Takito, E.Y. (2017). Effects of long or short duration stimulus during high-intensity interval training on physical performance, energy intake, and body composition. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 13(4), 393-399.
  • Astrand P.O & Rodahl, K. (1987). Textbook of work physiology. Mc Graw Hill, Singapore.
  • Ballarin, E., Borsetto, C., Cellini, M., Patracchini, M., Vitiello, P., Ziglio, P.G. & Conconi, F. (1989). Adaptation of the “conconi test” to children and adolescents. Int J.Sports Med; 10:334-338.
  • Bergh, U. & Forsberg, A. (1992). Influence of body mass on cross-country ski racing performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 1033-1039.
  • Bompa, T.O. (2003). Dönemleme antrenman kuramı ve yöntemi. 2. Baskı, Ankara, Dumat Ofset, 365–372
  • Carlson, R. (2011). Talent detection and competitive progress in biathlon – a national example. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 18 (4), 290-295, [Available online at: https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pjst.2011.18.issue-4/v10197- 011-0023-5/v10197-011-0023-5.pdf], Erişim tarihi: 2 Eylül 2017.
  • Conconi, F., Ferrari, M., Ziglio, P.G., Droghetti, P. & Codeca, L. (1982). Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners. J Appl Physiol 52: 869-873.
  • Çolakoğlu, F. & Karacan, S. (2006). Genç Bayanlar ile Orta Yas Bayanlarda Aerobik Egzersizin Bazı Fizyolojik Parametrelere Etkisi, Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, cilt 14, no 1, Kastamonu.
  • Fox, E.L. (1988). The physiological basis of physical education and athletics. (Çev. M.Cerit), Bağırgan Yayımevi, Ankara.
  • Furse, S. (2007). Ski-Running, Bildio Bazaar LLC.
  • Gibala, M.J., (2007). High-intensity interval training: new ınsights. Sports Science Exchange, Volume 20.
  • Günay, M. & Şıktar, E. (2019) Antrenman bilimi (2. Baskı). Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi 473- 485
  • Günay, M. & Yüce, A. (2001). Futbol Antrenmanının Bilimsel Temelleri., Baron Ofset, 2. Bask›, 45-64.
  • Günay, M., Tamer, K., Cicioğlu, İ. & Çevik, C. (2000). İki farklı tipteki interval antrenman programlarının bazı fizyolojik parametreler üzerine etkisi, Ege Üniversitesi Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 35 (4): 143.
  • Güran, M.K. (2019). Orta yaşlı sedanter kadınlarda kompleks ve kardiyovasküler antrenmanların dayanıklılık ve esneklik üzerindeki etkilerinin karşılaştırılması (Yüksek lisans tezi). Haliç Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü. İstanbul.
  • Haynes, T., Bishop, C., Antrobus, M., & Brazier, J. (2019) The validity and reliability of the my jump 2 app for measuring the reactive stremgth index and drup jump performance. The Journal Of Sports Medicine And Physical Finess, 59(2):253-8
  • Hewett, T. E., Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., & Slauterbeck, J. R. (2007). Dynamic neuromuscular analysis training for preventing anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Instructional Course Lectures, 56, 397-406.
  • Hoff, J. Helgerud, J. & Wisloff, U. (1999). “Maximal Strength Training Improves Work Economy in Trained Female Cross-Country Skiers”, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31(6): 870-877.
  • Hoffman, M. D., Gilson, P. M., Westenburg, T. M. & Spencer, W. A. (1992). Biathlon shooting performance after exercise of different intensities. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(3), 270–273.
  • Hoffman, MD. & Street, GM. (1992). Characterization of the heart rate response during biathlon. Int J Sports Med. 1 (5):390-4.
  • Impellizzeri, F.M., Marcora, S.M., Castagna, C., Reilly, T., Sassi, A., Iaia, F.M. & Rampinini, E. (2006). Physiological and performance effects of generic versus specific aerobic training in soccer players. Int J Sports Med, 27(6), 483- 92.
  • Kocatepe, M. (2019). Dar alan antrenmanlarının U17-U19 yaş grubu futbolcularının seçilmiş fizyolojik özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. İstanbul.
  • Lemmink, K. (2004). The discriminative power of the ınterval shuttle run test and the maximal multistage shuttle run test for playing level of soccer. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 233– 239.
  • Mahood, N. W., Kenefick, R. W., Kertzer, R., & Quinn, T. J. (2001). Physiological determinants of cross-country ski racing performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 33 (8), 1379-1384
  • Millet G.Y. & Hoffman M.D. (1998). “Poling Forces During Roller Skiing: Effects of Grade”, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 30: 1637-1644
  • Muratlı, S. (2007). Antrenman bilimi yaklaşımıyla çocuk ve spor. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Geliştirilmiş ve Düzeltilmiş 2. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Rundell, KW. & Szmedra, L. (1998). Energy cost of rifle carriage in biathlon skiing. Med Sci Sports Exerc;30:570–6.
  • Saltin, B., & Astrand, P. O. (1967). Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 23(3), 353-358.
  • Sandbakk Ø, Holmberg H. (2014). A Reappraisal of Success Factors for Olympic Cross-Country Skiing, International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9. Doi: 10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0373
  • Sandbakk, O., Holmberg, H. C., Leirdal, S. & Ettema G. (2010). “The Physiology of World Class Sprint Skiers “, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. Baskıdan önceki (Eraly Wiev) formatı, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01117.x
  • Sperlich, B., De Mare´ Es M., Koehler, K., Linville, J., Holmberg, H.C. & Mester J. (2011). Effects of 5 weeks of highintensity interval training vs. volume training 14-year-old soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1271–1278.
  • Staron, Sr. & Hıkıta, S. (2000). Muscular Responses To Exercise And Training. “Exercise And Sport Science” (Wıllıam E., Garrett, J.R., Ed.,) Pp.163-173., USA
  • Stoggl T., Lindinger S. et al. (2007). “Analysis of a Simulated Sprint Competition in Classical Cross Country Skiing”, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 17(4): 362-372.
  • Stoggl, T., Bishop, P., Höök, M., Willis, S. & Holmberg, HC. (2015). Effect of carrying a rifle on physiology and biomechanical responses in biathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47:617–24.
  • Tarakçı, S. (2018). Profesyonel Futbolcularda Yüksek Şiddetli Dar Alan Oyunlarının Futbolcuların Mevkilerine Göre Tekrarlı Sprint Becerisi, Anaerobik Eşik, Reaksiyon Sürati, Pozitif İvmelenme ve Çeviklik Üzerine Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, İstanbul.
  • Tønnessen, E., Haugen, T. A., Hem, E., Leirstein, S., & Seiler, S. (2015). Maximal aerobic capacity in the winter-Olympics endurance disciplines: Olympic-medal benchmarks for the time period 1990-2013. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(7), 835-839.
  • Urhausen, A., Weiller, B., Coen, B. & Kindermann, W. (1994). Plasma catecholamines during endurance exercise of different intensities as related to the individual anaerobic threshold. Eur J Appl Physiol; 69: 16-20.
  • Vesterinen, V. & Mikkola, J. (2009). “Fatigue in a Simulated Cross-Country Skiing Sprint Competition”, Journal of Sports Sciences. 27(10): 1069-1077.
  • Vickers, J. N., & Williams, A. M. (2007). Performing under pressure the effects of physiological arousal, cognitive anxiety and gaze control in biathlon. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39 (5), 381-394.
  • Vonheim, A. (2012). The effect of skiing intensity on shooting performance in biathlon (Master's thesis), Human Movement Science Programme Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim, Norway
  • Zhang, H., Tom, KT., Weifeng, Q., Jingjing, W., Jinlei, N. & Yuxiu, H. (2015). Effect of hıgh-ıntensıty ınterval traınıng protocol on abdomınal fat reductıon ın overweıght chinese women: A randomızed controlled trial. Kinesiology, 47(1), 57-66
  • Zoryi R. & Millet, G. (2006). “Fatigue Induced by a Cross-Country Skiing KO Sprint”, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 38(12): 2144-2150.

Üst Düzey Biathlon Sporcularının Aerobik Performanslarının İncelenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 81 - 86, 05.09.2024

Tunç İlçin , Serkan Hazar , Metin Polat

Abstract

Giriş ve Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı; üst düzey biathlon sporcularının aerobik performanslarının incelenmesidir.
Yöntem: Araştırma grubu Türkiye Kayak Federasyonu Biathlon Milli takımında yer alan, gönüllü 10 erkek ve 10 kadın olmak üzere toplam 20 sporcudan oluşmuştur. Performans testleri öncesinde aerobik dayanıklılık gelişimi için 6 hafta boyunca, haftada 3 gün yaygın ve yoğun dayanıklılık antrenman modelleri uygulanarak koşular yaptırılmıştır. 6 haftalık çalışma sonrasında performans laboratuvarında maksimal egzersiz testi uygulanarak MaxVO2, RQ(solunum frekansı), koşu hızları, KAH(a/dk) ve %KAHmax değerleri kayıt altına alınmıştır. Verilere tanımlayıcı istatistik ve normallik sınaması yapılmış, normal dağılım gösteren değerler için parametrik testler uygulanmıştır. İkili karşılaştırmalar için Indepented-Samples t test uygulanmıştır. Anlamlılık değeri p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların MaxVO2 değerleri ortalama 55.019 (ml/kg/dk), RQ değerleri 1,06, Maksimum kalp atım değerleri 191,80 (atım/dk), anaerobik eşik kalp atım hızının 173,72(atım/dk) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Test esnasındaki ortalama koşu hızları 12,60 km/saat tir. MaxVO2 değerleri arasında erkek (x±ss=60,07±4,95), kadın (x±ss=50,32±2,15) erkek katılımcıların lehine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde (p=,031) fark olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. RQ, değerlerinde ise erkek ve kadın katılımcılar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmemiştir (p<0,05).
Sonuç: Araştırmanın sonucunda; Türkiye Biathlon Milli Takımında yer alan sporcuların MaxVO2 değerlerinin, Avrupa, Dünya ve Olimpiyat şampiyonalarında derece almış sporcuların MaxVO2 değerlerine oranla önemli ölçüde düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

antrenman fizyoloji kayak

References

  • Alves, E.A., Salermo, G.P., Panissa, V.L.G., Franchini, E. & Takito, E.Y. (2017). Effects of long or short duration stimulus during high-intensity interval training on physical performance, energy intake, and body composition. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 13(4), 393-399.
  • Astrand P.O & Rodahl, K. (1987). Textbook of work physiology. Mc Graw Hill, Singapore.
  • Ballarin, E., Borsetto, C., Cellini, M., Patracchini, M., Vitiello, P., Ziglio, P.G. & Conconi, F. (1989). Adaptation of the “conconi test” to children and adolescents. Int J.Sports Med; 10:334-338.
  • Bergh, U. & Forsberg, A. (1992). Influence of body mass on cross-country ski racing performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 1033-1039.
  • Bompa, T.O. (2003). Dönemleme antrenman kuramı ve yöntemi. 2. Baskı, Ankara, Dumat Ofset, 365–372
  • Carlson, R. (2011). Talent detection and competitive progress in biathlon – a national example. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 18 (4), 290-295, [Available online at: https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pjst.2011.18.issue-4/v10197- 011-0023-5/v10197-011-0023-5.pdf], Erişim tarihi: 2 Eylül 2017.
  • Conconi, F., Ferrari, M., Ziglio, P.G., Droghetti, P. & Codeca, L. (1982). Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners. J Appl Physiol 52: 869-873.
  • Çolakoğlu, F. & Karacan, S. (2006). Genç Bayanlar ile Orta Yas Bayanlarda Aerobik Egzersizin Bazı Fizyolojik Parametrelere Etkisi, Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, cilt 14, no 1, Kastamonu.
  • Fox, E.L. (1988). The physiological basis of physical education and athletics. (Çev. M.Cerit), Bağırgan Yayımevi, Ankara.
  • Furse, S. (2007). Ski-Running, Bildio Bazaar LLC.
  • Gibala, M.J., (2007). High-intensity interval training: new ınsights. Sports Science Exchange, Volume 20.
  • Günay, M. & Şıktar, E. (2019) Antrenman bilimi (2. Baskı). Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi 473- 485
  • Günay, M. & Yüce, A. (2001). Futbol Antrenmanının Bilimsel Temelleri., Baron Ofset, 2. Bask›, 45-64.
  • Günay, M., Tamer, K., Cicioğlu, İ. & Çevik, C. (2000). İki farklı tipteki interval antrenman programlarının bazı fizyolojik parametreler üzerine etkisi, Ege Üniversitesi Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 35 (4): 143.
  • Güran, M.K. (2019). Orta yaşlı sedanter kadınlarda kompleks ve kardiyovasküler antrenmanların dayanıklılık ve esneklik üzerindeki etkilerinin karşılaştırılması (Yüksek lisans tezi). Haliç Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü. İstanbul.
  • Haynes, T., Bishop, C., Antrobus, M., & Brazier, J. (2019) The validity and reliability of the my jump 2 app for measuring the reactive stremgth index and drup jump performance. The Journal Of Sports Medicine And Physical Finess, 59(2):253-8
  • Hewett, T. E., Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., & Slauterbeck, J. R. (2007). Dynamic neuromuscular analysis training for preventing anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Instructional Course Lectures, 56, 397-406.
  • Hoff, J. Helgerud, J. & Wisloff, U. (1999). “Maximal Strength Training Improves Work Economy in Trained Female Cross-Country Skiers”, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31(6): 870-877.
  • Hoffman, M. D., Gilson, P. M., Westenburg, T. M. & Spencer, W. A. (1992). Biathlon shooting performance after exercise of different intensities. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(3), 270–273.
  • Hoffman, MD. & Street, GM. (1992). Characterization of the heart rate response during biathlon. Int J Sports Med. 1 (5):390-4.
  • Impellizzeri, F.M., Marcora, S.M., Castagna, C., Reilly, T., Sassi, A., Iaia, F.M. & Rampinini, E. (2006). Physiological and performance effects of generic versus specific aerobic training in soccer players. Int J Sports Med, 27(6), 483- 92.
  • Kocatepe, M. (2019). Dar alan antrenmanlarının U17-U19 yaş grubu futbolcularının seçilmiş fizyolojik özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. İstanbul.
  • Lemmink, K. (2004). The discriminative power of the ınterval shuttle run test and the maximal multistage shuttle run test for playing level of soccer. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 233– 239.
  • Mahood, N. W., Kenefick, R. W., Kertzer, R., & Quinn, T. J. (2001). Physiological determinants of cross-country ski racing performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 33 (8), 1379-1384
  • Millet G.Y. & Hoffman M.D. (1998). “Poling Forces During Roller Skiing: Effects of Grade”, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 30: 1637-1644
  • Muratlı, S. (2007). Antrenman bilimi yaklaşımıyla çocuk ve spor. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Geliştirilmiş ve Düzeltilmiş 2. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Rundell, KW. & Szmedra, L. (1998). Energy cost of rifle carriage in biathlon skiing. Med Sci Sports Exerc;30:570–6.
  • Saltin, B., & Astrand, P. O. (1967). Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 23(3), 353-358.
  • Sandbakk Ø, Holmberg H. (2014). A Reappraisal of Success Factors for Olympic Cross-Country Skiing, International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9. Doi: 10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0373
  • Sandbakk, O., Holmberg, H. C., Leirdal, S. & Ettema G. (2010). “The Physiology of World Class Sprint Skiers “, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. Baskıdan önceki (Eraly Wiev) formatı, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01117.x
  • Sperlich, B., De Mare´ Es M., Koehler, K., Linville, J., Holmberg, H.C. & Mester J. (2011). Effects of 5 weeks of highintensity interval training vs. volume training 14-year-old soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1271–1278.
  • Staron, Sr. & Hıkıta, S. (2000). Muscular Responses To Exercise And Training. “Exercise And Sport Science” (Wıllıam E., Garrett, J.R., Ed.,) Pp.163-173., USA
  • Stoggl T., Lindinger S. et al. (2007). “Analysis of a Simulated Sprint Competition in Classical Cross Country Skiing”, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 17(4): 362-372.
  • Stoggl, T., Bishop, P., Höök, M., Willis, S. & Holmberg, HC. (2015). Effect of carrying a rifle on physiology and biomechanical responses in biathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47:617–24.
  • Tarakçı, S. (2018). Profesyonel Futbolcularda Yüksek Şiddetli Dar Alan Oyunlarının Futbolcuların Mevkilerine Göre Tekrarlı Sprint Becerisi, Anaerobik Eşik, Reaksiyon Sürati, Pozitif İvmelenme ve Çeviklik Üzerine Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, İstanbul.
  • Tønnessen, E., Haugen, T. A., Hem, E., Leirstein, S., & Seiler, S. (2015). Maximal aerobic capacity in the winter-Olympics endurance disciplines: Olympic-medal benchmarks for the time period 1990-2013. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(7), 835-839.
  • Urhausen, A., Weiller, B., Coen, B. & Kindermann, W. (1994). Plasma catecholamines during endurance exercise of different intensities as related to the individual anaerobic threshold. Eur J Appl Physiol; 69: 16-20.
  • Vesterinen, V. & Mikkola, J. (2009). “Fatigue in a Simulated Cross-Country Skiing Sprint Competition”, Journal of Sports Sciences. 27(10): 1069-1077.
  • Vickers, J. N., & Williams, A. M. (2007). Performing under pressure the effects of physiological arousal, cognitive anxiety and gaze control in biathlon. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39 (5), 381-394.
  • Vonheim, A. (2012). The effect of skiing intensity on shooting performance in biathlon (Master's thesis), Human Movement Science Programme Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim, Norway
  • Zhang, H., Tom, KT., Weifeng, Q., Jingjing, W., Jinlei, N. & Yuxiu, H. (2015). Effect of hıgh-ıntensıty ınterval traınıng protocol on abdomınal fat reductıon ın overweıght chinese women: A randomızed controlled trial. Kinesiology, 47(1), 57-66
  • Zoryi R. & Millet, G. (2006). “Fatigue Induced by a Cross-Country Skiing KO Sprint”, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 38(12): 2144-2150.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Science and Exercise (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tunç İlçin 0000-0003-2681-7046

Serkan Hazar 0000-0002-0428-4499

Metin Polat 0000-0001-7299-0531

Early Pub Date August 26, 2024
Publication Date September 5, 2024
Submission Date June 24, 2024
Acceptance Date July 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA İlçin, T., Hazar, S., & Polat, M. (2024). Üst Düzey Biathlon Sporcularının Aerobik Performanslarının İncelenmesi. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 81-86.
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