Research Article
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EXAMİNATİON OF THE EFFECTS OF TRADİTİONAL STRENGTH AND FUNCTİONAL TRAİNİNG APPLİED TO MALE INDİVİDUALS AGED 18-25 ON ATHLETİC PERFORMANCE AND STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 37 - 47, 22.12.2025

Necdet Eray Pişkin , Ruçhan İri

Abstract

Functional training (FT) methods have gained increasing popularity in recent years and include protocols that develop various motor skills simultaneously, in addition to improving strength. The primary aim of this study was to compare the effects of two different strength training protocols in terms of both strength development and athletic performance parameters. Thirty male volunteers aged between 18 and 25 were divided into two groups: the functional training group (FTG) (n=15) and the traditional strength group (TSG) (n=15). Participants performed strength training programs targeting both upper and lower extremities, three times a week for eight weeks. Prior to the exercise protocols and again after eight weeks, the following tests were administered twice: 1-repetition maximum (1RM), illinois agility test, vertical jump test, and 30-meter sprint test.
Paired t-tests were used to determine within-group differences between pre- and post-tests, while Independent t-tests were used for between-group comparisons. Effect sizes were analyzed according to Cohen’s d. The results revealed significant improvements in all parameters within both the FTG and TSG in favor of the post-tests (p<0.005). No significant differences were found between groups in the pre-test comparisons. However, a significant difference favoring the FTG was observed in the agility parameter in the post-test comparison (p<0.039). In terms of effect size, the TSG showed a higher effect level in all parameters except agility.
In conclusion, functional training appears to be a strong alternative to traditional strength training protocols. Considering the multidimensional development of athletes and the unique characteristics of each sport discipline, it is recommended that strength training protocols be diversified with functional training and integrated with traditional methods.

Keywords

Functional training Athletic performance Agility Sprint Vertical jump

Project Number

SPT 2024/2-BAGEP

References

  • Alfredatama, I., Fauzi, F., Tomoliyus, T., Budiarti, R. and Prabowo, T. (2024). The Impact of Functional Training on Physical Abilities in Combat Sport: A Mini Review. Journal of Advances in Sports and Physical Education, 7(5), 105-110.
  • Brzycki, M. (1993). Strength Testing-Predicting a One-Rep Max From Reps-To-Fatigue. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 64(1), 88-90.
  • Burd, N.A., West, D.W., Staples, A.W., Atherton, P.J., Baker, J.M., Moore, D.R., Andrew M. Holwerda, A.M., Parise, G., Rennie, J.M., Baker, S.K., Phillips, S.M. (2010). Lowload High Volume Resistance Exercise Stimulates Muscle Protein Synthesis More Than High-Load Low Volume Resistance Exercise in Young Men. PloS One, 5(8), e12033.
  • Campos, G.E.R., Luecke, T.J., Wendeln, H.K., Toma, K., Hagerman, F.C., Murray, T.F., Ragg, K.E., Ratamess, N.A., Kraemer, W.J. and Staron, R.S. (2002). Muscular Adaptations in Response to Three Different Resistance-Training Regimens: Specificity of Repetition Maximum Training Zones. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(1), 50-60.
  • Cao, S., Liu, J., Wang, Z., and Geok, S.K. (2024). The Effects of Functional Training on Physical Fitness and Skill-Related Performance Among Basketball Players: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1391394.
  • Carr, K., and Feit, K.M. (2021). Fonksiyonel Antrenman Anatomisi. Spor Yayınevi. Ankara
  • Carvutto, R., Damasco, C., and De Candia, M. (2021). Non-Traditional Training in Youth Soccer Players: Effects on Agility and on Sprint Performance. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 16, 1666-1673.
  • Elvin, C.P., Rejimol, J.P., Remya, N., Chinchu, A., Anumol, C., and Reethu, E.B. (2022). Effect of Functional Training on Speed Agility Explosive Power and Aerobic Endurance in Recreational Soccer Players. International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research, 10(2), 4162-4169.
  • González-Badillo, J. J., and Sánchez-Medina, L. (2010). Movement Velocity as a Measure of Loading İntensity in Resistance Training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(5), 347-352
  • Heggelund, J., Fimland, M.S., Helgerud, J., and Hoff, J. (2013). Maximal Strength Training İmproves Work Economy, Rate of Force Development and Maximal Strength More Than Conventional Strength Training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(6), 1565-1573.
  • Ide, B. N., Silvatti, A. P., Marocolo, M., Santos, C. P., Silva, B. V., Oranchuk, D. J., Mota, G. R. (2022). Is there any non-functional training? A conceptual review. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3.
  • Iversen, V. M., Norum, M., Schoenfeld, B. J., Fimland, M. S. (2021). No time to lift? Designing time-efficient training programs for strength and hypertrophy: a narrative review. Sports Medicine, 51(10), 2079-2095.
  • Jeong, Y., Jun, H.P., Huang, Y.L., and Chang, E. (2023). The Squat One Repetition Maximum May Not Be the Best Indicator for Speed-Related Sports Performance Improvement in Elite Male Rugby Athletes. Applied Sciences, 14(1), 31.
  • Khazaei, L., Parnow, A., and Amani-Shalamzari, S. (2023). Comparing the Effects of Traditional Resistance Training and Functional Training on the Bio-Motor Capacities of Female Elite Taekwondo Athletes. BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation, 15(1), 139.
  • Lee, K. L., Oh, T. W., Gil, Y. C., Kim, H. J. (2021). Correlation between muscle architecture and anaerobic power in athletes involved in different sports. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 13332.
  • Liebenson, C. (2014). Functional Training Handbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Liu, J., Shang, L., & Yu, H. (2024). The Effects of Functional Training on Muscle Strength in Athletes: A Meta-Analysis. bioRxiv, 2024-06.
  • Lorenz, D.S., Reiman, M.P., Walker, J.C. (2010). Periodization: Current Review and Suggested Implementation for Athletic Rehabilitation. Sports Health, 2(6), 509‐518.
  • Lorenz, D., and Morrison, S. (2015). Current Concepts in Periodization of Strength and Conditioning for the Sports Physical Therapist. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 10(6), 734.
  • Müller, D.C., Izquierdo, M., Boeno, F.P., Aagaard, P., Teodoro, J.L., Grazioli, R., et al. (2020). Adaptations in Mechanical Muscle Function, Muscle Morphology, and Aerobic Power to High-İntensity Endurance Training Combined with Either Traditional or Power Strength Training in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(5), 1165-1177.
  • Ocak, Y., Tortop, Y. (2013). Kadınlarda Halk Oyunları Çalışmalarının Bazı Fiziksel Uygunluk Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 46-54.
  • Shaikh, A., Mondal, S. (2012). Effect of Functional Training on Physical Fitness Components on College Male Students-A Pilot Study. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(2), 1-5.
  • Shang, C., Wang, Q., He, J. (2023). Application of Functional Training on Physical Fitness in Basketball. Revista Brasileira De Medicina Do Esporte, 29.
  • Usgu, S., Yakut, Y., Kudaş, S. (2020). Effects of Functional Training on Performance in Professional Basketball Players. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 55(4), 321-331.
  • Wang, X., Soh, K. G., Deng, N., Liu, X., Zhao, Y., Akbar, S. (2023). Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training on Physical Fitness and Sport-Specific Performance Among The Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Plos One, 18(12), e0295531.
  • Wilk, K.E., Reinold, M.M., Hooks, T.R. (2003). Recent Advances in the Rehabilitation of Isolated and Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament İnjuries. Orthopedic Clinics, 34(1), 107-137.
  • Wu, C., Cheong, M. Y., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, Q., Li, M., Lei, S. (2023). Impact of Functional Training on Functional Movement and Athletic Performance in College Dragon Boat Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 3897.
  • Wu, X. (2024). Impact of Functional Training on Sprinting Performance of College Sports Majors. Journal of Education and Educational Research, 9(1), 57-60.
  • Xiao, W., Bu, T., Zhang, J., Cai, H., Zhu, W., Bai, X., Zhang, L., Soh, K. G. (2025). Effects of Functional Training on Physical and Technical Performance Among the Athletic Population: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. BMC Sports Science, Medicine & Rehabilitation, 17, 2-19.
  • Yao, Y. (2024). Influence of Functional Training on Special Technical Movement Ability and Athletic Performance of Male Basketball Players. Journal of Electrical Systems, 20(4), 447-463.
  • Zatsiorsky, V.M., Kraemer, W.J. (2006). Science and Practice of Strength Training (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics.

18-25 YAŞ ARALIĞINDAKİ ERKEK BİREYLERE UYGULANAN GELENEKSEL KUVVET VE FONKSİYONEL ANTRENMANLARIN ATLETİK PERFORMANS İLE KUVVET GELİŞİMİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 37 - 47, 22.12.2025

Necdet Eray Pişkin , Ruçhan İri

Abstract

Fonksiyonel antrenman (FA) yöntemleri son yıllarda popülaritesi artan ve sporcunun kuvvet artışının yanı sıra birçok motorik özelliği bir arada geliştiren protokollere sahiptir. Yapılan çalışmada temel amaç iki farklı kuvvet antrenman protokolünün hem kuvvet gelişimi açısından hem de atletik performans parametreleri bakımından etki düzeylerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. 18-25 yaşları arasında 30 gönüllü erkek birey fonksiyonel antrenman grubu (FAG) (n=15) ve geleneksel kuvvet grubu (GKG) (n=15) olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Katılımcılar sekiz hafta boyunca haftanın üç günü alt ve üst ekstremiteyi içeren kuvvet antrenman programlarını uygulamıştır. Katılımcılara antrenman protokolleri uygulanmadan önce ve ilk ölçümlerden sekiz hafta sonra iki kez tekrarlanmak üzere sırasıyla 1 tekrarlı maksimal (1TM), illinois çeviklik testi, dikey sıçrama testi, 30 m sürat testleri uygulanmıştır.
Grupların ön test-son test ölçümleri arasındaki farklılığın belirlenmesinde Paired T testi, gruplar arası karşılaştırmada ise Independent T testi kullanılmıştır. Etki büyüklüğü Cohen’s d’ye göre analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma bulguları incelendiğinde tüm parametrelerde hem FAG hem de GKG’de son test lehine grup içi anlamlı düzeyde fark tespit edilmiştir (p<0,005). Gruplararası ön test karşılaştırmasında fark gözlenmezken, son test karşılaştırmasında ise çeviklik parametresinde FAG lehine anlamlı düzeyde fark gözlenmiştir (p<0,039). Parametrelerin etki düzeyleri incelendiğinde ise çeviklik hariç tüm parametrelerde GKG’de etki düzeyi daha yüksek bulunmuştur.
Sonuç olarak fonksiyonel antrenmanların geleneksel kuvvet antrenman protokollerine güçlü bir alternatif yöntem olduğu görülmüştür. Sporcuların çok yönlü gelişimi ve her branşın farklı karakteristik özellikleri göz önüne alındığında kuvvet antrenman protokollerinin fonksiyonel antrenmanlarla çeşitlendirilmesi ve geleneksel kuvvet antrenmanlarına entegre edilmesi önerilebilir.

Keywords

Fonksiyonel antrenman Atletik performans Çeviklik Sürat Dikey sıçrama

Project Number

SPT 2024/2-BAGEP

Thanks

Bu çalışma SPT 2024/2-BAGEP no’lu proje kapsamında Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir.

References

  • Alfredatama, I., Fauzi, F., Tomoliyus, T., Budiarti, R. and Prabowo, T. (2024). The Impact of Functional Training on Physical Abilities in Combat Sport: A Mini Review. Journal of Advances in Sports and Physical Education, 7(5), 105-110.
  • Brzycki, M. (1993). Strength Testing-Predicting a One-Rep Max From Reps-To-Fatigue. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 64(1), 88-90.
  • Burd, N.A., West, D.W., Staples, A.W., Atherton, P.J., Baker, J.M., Moore, D.R., Andrew M. Holwerda, A.M., Parise, G., Rennie, J.M., Baker, S.K., Phillips, S.M. (2010). Lowload High Volume Resistance Exercise Stimulates Muscle Protein Synthesis More Than High-Load Low Volume Resistance Exercise in Young Men. PloS One, 5(8), e12033.
  • Campos, G.E.R., Luecke, T.J., Wendeln, H.K., Toma, K., Hagerman, F.C., Murray, T.F., Ragg, K.E., Ratamess, N.A., Kraemer, W.J. and Staron, R.S. (2002). Muscular Adaptations in Response to Three Different Resistance-Training Regimens: Specificity of Repetition Maximum Training Zones. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(1), 50-60.
  • Cao, S., Liu, J., Wang, Z., and Geok, S.K. (2024). The Effects of Functional Training on Physical Fitness and Skill-Related Performance Among Basketball Players: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1391394.
  • Carr, K., and Feit, K.M. (2021). Fonksiyonel Antrenman Anatomisi. Spor Yayınevi. Ankara
  • Carvutto, R., Damasco, C., and De Candia, M. (2021). Non-Traditional Training in Youth Soccer Players: Effects on Agility and on Sprint Performance. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 16, 1666-1673.
  • Elvin, C.P., Rejimol, J.P., Remya, N., Chinchu, A., Anumol, C., and Reethu, E.B. (2022). Effect of Functional Training on Speed Agility Explosive Power and Aerobic Endurance in Recreational Soccer Players. International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research, 10(2), 4162-4169.
  • González-Badillo, J. J., and Sánchez-Medina, L. (2010). Movement Velocity as a Measure of Loading İntensity in Resistance Training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(5), 347-352
  • Heggelund, J., Fimland, M.S., Helgerud, J., and Hoff, J. (2013). Maximal Strength Training İmproves Work Economy, Rate of Force Development and Maximal Strength More Than Conventional Strength Training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(6), 1565-1573.
  • Ide, B. N., Silvatti, A. P., Marocolo, M., Santos, C. P., Silva, B. V., Oranchuk, D. J., Mota, G. R. (2022). Is there any non-functional training? A conceptual review. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3.
  • Iversen, V. M., Norum, M., Schoenfeld, B. J., Fimland, M. S. (2021). No time to lift? Designing time-efficient training programs for strength and hypertrophy: a narrative review. Sports Medicine, 51(10), 2079-2095.
  • Jeong, Y., Jun, H.P., Huang, Y.L., and Chang, E. (2023). The Squat One Repetition Maximum May Not Be the Best Indicator for Speed-Related Sports Performance Improvement in Elite Male Rugby Athletes. Applied Sciences, 14(1), 31.
  • Khazaei, L., Parnow, A., and Amani-Shalamzari, S. (2023). Comparing the Effects of Traditional Resistance Training and Functional Training on the Bio-Motor Capacities of Female Elite Taekwondo Athletes. BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation, 15(1), 139.
  • Lee, K. L., Oh, T. W., Gil, Y. C., Kim, H. J. (2021). Correlation between muscle architecture and anaerobic power in athletes involved in different sports. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 13332.
  • Liebenson, C. (2014). Functional Training Handbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Liu, J., Shang, L., & Yu, H. (2024). The Effects of Functional Training on Muscle Strength in Athletes: A Meta-Analysis. bioRxiv, 2024-06.
  • Lorenz, D.S., Reiman, M.P., Walker, J.C. (2010). Periodization: Current Review and Suggested Implementation for Athletic Rehabilitation. Sports Health, 2(6), 509‐518.
  • Lorenz, D., and Morrison, S. (2015). Current Concepts in Periodization of Strength and Conditioning for the Sports Physical Therapist. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 10(6), 734.
  • Müller, D.C., Izquierdo, M., Boeno, F.P., Aagaard, P., Teodoro, J.L., Grazioli, R., et al. (2020). Adaptations in Mechanical Muscle Function, Muscle Morphology, and Aerobic Power to High-İntensity Endurance Training Combined with Either Traditional or Power Strength Training in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(5), 1165-1177.
  • Ocak, Y., Tortop, Y. (2013). Kadınlarda Halk Oyunları Çalışmalarının Bazı Fiziksel Uygunluk Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 46-54.
  • Shaikh, A., Mondal, S. (2012). Effect of Functional Training on Physical Fitness Components on College Male Students-A Pilot Study. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(2), 1-5.
  • Shang, C., Wang, Q., He, J. (2023). Application of Functional Training on Physical Fitness in Basketball. Revista Brasileira De Medicina Do Esporte, 29.
  • Usgu, S., Yakut, Y., Kudaş, S. (2020). Effects of Functional Training on Performance in Professional Basketball Players. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 55(4), 321-331.
  • Wang, X., Soh, K. G., Deng, N., Liu, X., Zhao, Y., Akbar, S. (2023). Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training on Physical Fitness and Sport-Specific Performance Among The Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Plos One, 18(12), e0295531.
  • Wilk, K.E., Reinold, M.M., Hooks, T.R. (2003). Recent Advances in the Rehabilitation of Isolated and Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament İnjuries. Orthopedic Clinics, 34(1), 107-137.
  • Wu, C., Cheong, M. Y., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, Q., Li, M., Lei, S. (2023). Impact of Functional Training on Functional Movement and Athletic Performance in College Dragon Boat Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 3897.
  • Wu, X. (2024). Impact of Functional Training on Sprinting Performance of College Sports Majors. Journal of Education and Educational Research, 9(1), 57-60.
  • Xiao, W., Bu, T., Zhang, J., Cai, H., Zhu, W., Bai, X., Zhang, L., Soh, K. G. (2025). Effects of Functional Training on Physical and Technical Performance Among the Athletic Population: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. BMC Sports Science, Medicine & Rehabilitation, 17, 2-19.
  • Yao, Y. (2024). Influence of Functional Training on Special Technical Movement Ability and Athletic Performance of Male Basketball Players. Journal of Electrical Systems, 20(4), 447-463.
  • Zatsiorsky, V.M., Kraemer, W.J. (2006). Science and Practice of Strength Training (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Training
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Necdet Eray Pişkin 0000-0001-7255-078X

Ruçhan İri 0000-0002-6520-873X

Project Number SPT 2024/2-BAGEP
Submission Date July 17, 2025
Acceptance Date October 2, 2025
Publication Date December 22, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Pişkin, N. E., & İri, R. (2025). 18-25 YAŞ ARALIĞINDAKİ ERKEK BİREYLERE UYGULANAN GELENEKSEL KUVVET VE FONKSİYONEL ANTRENMANLARIN ATLETİK PERFORMANS İLE KUVVET GELİŞİMİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 37-47.

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