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Comparison of Mental Rota tion and Reaction Time Performances In Deaf Athletes And Non-Athletes

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 126 - 137, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1024364

Öz

The coordination of perceptual-cognitive and motor processes is one of the main components that determine performance in sports. However, there are many factors that affect these components, such as disability, gender, sports, etc. The aim of the this study is to determine the mental rotation and reaction time performance of deaf athletes and non-athletes in terms of sports and gender. 42 heavy hearing impaired (90+ dB) students, 22 males and 20 females, participated in the study. 22 of the participants were deaf basketball athletes and 20 were deaf non-athletes. Both mental rotation and reaction time performance measurement tests of the participants were carried out with a computer-based software MP36 (Biopac System, USA). Indipendent Samples T test and (multivariate) Manova tests were performed to evaluate the data. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups, neither mental rotation nor reaction time variables, in terms of sports. But there were statistically significant differences between the groups in both mental rotation and reaction time variables, in terms of gender and sport. As a result, it was found that male athletes are better than women who are not athletes in some of the mental rotation and reaction time variables. Another important result was that there was no significant difference in both mental rotation and reaction time variables between deaf male non athletes and female non athletes. As a result, it is suggested that doing sports improves both mental rotation and reaction time of hearing impaired male athletes

Kaynakça

  • Bosco, A., Longoni, A. M., Vecchi, T. (2004). Gender effects in spatial orientation: Cognitive profiles and mental strategies. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 18(5), 519-532.
  • Can, A. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi. Pegem akademi,2. Baskı. Ankara
  • Campos, J. J., Anderson, D. I., Barbu-Roth, M. A., Hubbard, E. M., Hertenstein, M. J., Witherington, D. (2000). Travel broadens the mind. Infancy, 1(2), 149-219.
  • Dane, S., Erzurumluoglu, A. (2003). Sex and handedness differences in eye-hand visual reaction times in handball players. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113(7), 923-929.
  • Diamond, A. (2007). Interrelated and interdependent. Developmental science, 10(1), 152-158.
  • Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., May, A. (2004). Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427(6972), 311-312.
  • Emmorey, K., Klima, E., Hickok, G. (1998). Mental rotation within linguistic and non-linguistic domains in users of American sign language. Cognition, 68(3), 221-246.
  • Eskicioğlu Y. E., Çoknaz, H. (2016). Türkiye’de Futbol, Türk Halkoyunları, Basketbol Ve Voleybol Antrenmanlarına Katılan ve Katılmayan İşitme Engelli Bireylerin Görsel Reaksiyon Sürelerinin Karşılaştırılması. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 18-25
  • Etnier, J. L., Nowell, P. M., Landers, D. M., Sibley, B. A. (2006). A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. Brain research reviews, 52(1), 119-130.
  • Fine, I., Finney, E. M., Boynton, G. M., Anddobkins, K. R. (2005). Comparing The Effects of Auditory Deprivation and Sign Language Within The Auditory and Visualcortex. J.Cogn.Neurosci. 17.1621–1637.
  • Goodman, E. (2015). Gender effects in cognition exist in deaf signers: New considerations for an old question (Doctoral dissertation, Gallaudet University).
  • Gursoy, R. (2010). Sex differences in relations of muscle power, lung function, and reaction time in athletes. Perceptual and motor skills, 110(3), 714-720.
  • Gkouvatzi, A. N., Mantis, K., Kambas, A. (2010). Comparative Study of Motor Performance of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in Reaction Time, Visual-Motor Control and Upper Limb Speed and Dexterity Abilities. International Journal of Special Education, 25(2), 15-25.
  • Jäncke, L., Koeneke, S., Hoppe, A., Rominger, C., and Hänggi, J. (2009). The architecture of the golfer's brain. PloS one, 4(3), e4785.
  • Jansen, P., Pietsch, S. (2010). Physical Activity improves mental rotation performance. Creative Education, 1(1), 58-61.
  • Jansen, P., Lehmann, J., Van Doren, J. (2012). Mental rotation performance in male soccer players. PloS one, 7(10), e48620.
  • Jordan, K., Wüstenberg, T., Heinze, H. J., Peters, M., Jäncke, L. (2002). Women and men exhibit different cortical activation patterns during mental rotation tasks. Neuropsychologia, 40(13), 2397-2408.
  • Keehner, M., Gathercole, S. E. (2007). Cognitive adaptations arising from nonnative experience of sign language in hearing adults. Memory and Cognition, 35(4), 752-761.
  • Kucian, K., Loenneker, T., Dietrich, T., Martin, E., Von Aster, M. (2005). Gender differences in brain activation patterns during mental rotation and number related cognitive tasks. Psychology Science, 47(1), 112.
  • Linn, M. C., Petersen, A. C. (1985). Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis. Child development, 1479-1498.
  • Lohman, D. F., Nichols, P. D. (1990). Training spatial abilities: Effects of practice on rotation and synthesis tasks. Learning and Individual Differences, 2(1), 67-93.
  • Mann, D. T., Williams, A. M., Ward, P., Janelle, C. M. (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(4), 457-478.
  • Masters, M. S. (1998). The gender difference on the mental rotations test is not due to performance factors. Memory and cognition, 26(3), 444-448.
  • Memmert, D. (2006). The effects of eye movements, age, and expertise on inattentional blindness. Consciousness and cognition, 15(3), 620-627.
  • Moreau, D., Mansy-Dannay, A., Clerc, J., Guerrien, A. (2011). Spatial ability and motor performance: assessing mental rotation processes in elite and novice athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology.
  • Neville, H. J., & Lawson, D. (1987). Attention To Central And Peripheral Visual Space İn A Movement Detection Task: An Event-Related Potential And Behavioral Study. Congenitally Deaf Adults. Brain Research, 405(2), 268-283.
  • Ozel, S., Larue, J., Molinaro, C. (2002). Relation between sport activity and mental rotation: Comparison of three groups of subjects. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95(3_suppl), 1141-1154.
  • Pérez-Tejero J., Soto-Rey J., Rojo-González J. J. (2011). Study Of Reaction Time To Visual And Auditory Stimuli. Motricidad: European Journal Of Human Movement, 27, 149 – 162.
  • Peters, M., Battista, C. (2008). Applications of mental rotation figures of the Shepard and Metzler type and description of a mental rotation stimulus library. Brain and cognition, 66(3), 260-264.
  • Pietsch, S., Jansen, P. (2012, August). The relationship between coordination skill and mental rotation ability. In International Conference on Spatial Cognition (pp. 173-181). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Reina, R., Moreno, F. J., Sanz, D. (2007). Visual behavior and motor responses of novice and experienced wheelchair tennis players relative to the service return. Adapted physical activity quarterly, 24(3), 254-271.
  • Savelsbergh, G. J., Netelenbos, J. B. (1992). Can the developmental lag in motor abilities of deaf children be partly attributed to localization problems?. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 9(4), 343-352.
  • Shepard, R. N., Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171(3972), 701-703.
  • Soto-Rey, J., Pérez-Tejero, J., Rojo-González, J. J., Reina, R. (2014). Study of reaction time to visual stimuli in athletes with and without a hearing impairment. Perceptual and motor skills, 119(1), 123-132.
  • Scali, R. M., Brownlow, S., Hicks, J. L. (2000). Gender differences in spatial task performance as a function of speed or accuracy orientation. Sex roles, 43(5), 359-376.
  • Schmidt, R. A., Lee, T. D. (1988). Motor learning and control: A behavioral emphasis Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Schmidt, M., Egger, F., Kieliger, M., Rubeli, B., and Schüler, J. (2016). Gymnasts and orienteers display better mental rotation performance than non-athletes. Journal of individual differences.
  • Sladen, D. P., Tharpe, A. M., Ashmead, D. H., Grantham, D. W., & Chun, M. M. (2005). Visual Attention İn Deaf And Normal Hearing Adults. Journal Of Speech, Language, And Hearing Research. vol. 48, pp.1529-1537.
  • Talbot, K. F., Haude, R. H. (1993). The relation between sign language skill and spatial visualization ability: Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77(3_suppl), 1387-1391.
  • Taylor, R. L., Campbell, G. T. (1976). Sensory interaction: Vision is modulated by hearing. Perception, 5(4), 467-477.
  • Tharpe A. M., Ashmead D. H., Rothpletz A. M. (2002). Visual Attention in Children With Hearing Aids and Children With Cochlear İmplants. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research. vol.445, 409-413.
  • Thomsen, T., Hugdahl, K., Ersland, L., Barndon, R., Lundervold, A., Smievoll, A. I., Sundberg, H. (2000). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of sex differences in a mental rotation task. Medical Science Monitor, 6(6), 1186-1196.
  • Vandenberg, S. G., Kuse, A. R. (1978). Mental rotations, a group test of three-dimensional spatial visualization. Perceptual and motor skills, 47(2), 599-604.
  • Voyer, D., Isaacs, M. (1993). Sex differences in mental rotation: Role of practice and experience. In Poster presented at the third meeting of the Canadian Society for Brain, Behavior, and Cognitive Science, Toronto, Ontario.
  • Voyer, D., Voyer, S., Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological bulletin, 117(2), 250.
  • Voyer, D., Nolan, C., Voyer, S. (2000). The relation between experience and spatial performance in men and women. Sex Roles, 43(11), 891-915.
  • Voyer, D., Saunders, K. A. (2004). Gender differences on the mental rotations test: a factor analysis. Acta Psychologica, 117(1), 79-94.
  • Voyer, D., Rodgers, M. A., McCormick, P. A. (2004). Timing conditions and the magnitude of gender differences on the Mental Rotations Test. Memory and cognition, 32(1), 72-82.
  • Watt J., Davis F. E. (1991). The prevalence of boredom proneness and depression among profoundly deaf residential school adolescents. American Annals of the Deaf, 136( 5), 409– 413.
  • Williams, M., Davids, K., Burwitz, L., Williams, J. (1993). Cognitive knowledge and soccer performance. Perceptual and Motor skills, 76(2), 579-593.

COMPARISON OF MENTAL ROTATION AND REACTION TIME PERFORMANCES IN DEAF ATHLETES AND NON-ATHLETES

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 126 - 137, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1024364

Öz

The coordination of perceptual-cognitive and motor processes is one of the main components determining sports performance. However, many factors affect these components, such as disability, gender, doing sport, etc. The aim of this study is to determine the mental rotation and reaction time performance of deaf athletes and non-athletes in terms of doing sport and gender. 42 heavy hearing impaired (90+ dB) students, 22 males, and 20 females, participated in the study. 22 of the participants were deaf basketball athletes, and 20 were deaf non-athletes. The participants' mental rotation and reaction time performance measurement tests were carried out with a computer-based software MP36 (Biopac System, USA). Independent Samples T-test and (multivariate) Manova tests were performed to evaluate the data. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups, neither mental rotation nor reaction time variables, in terms of doing sport. However, there were statistically significant differences between the groups in both mental rotation and reaction time variables regarding gender and doing sport. As a result, it was found that male athletes are better than women who are not athletes in some of the mental rotation and reaction time variables. Another important result was no significant difference in both mental rotation and reaction time variables between deaf male non-athletes and female non-athletes. As a result, it is suggested that doing sports improves both the mental rotation and reaction time of deaf male athletes.

Kaynakça

  • Bosco, A., Longoni, A. M., Vecchi, T. (2004). Gender effects in spatial orientation: Cognitive profiles and mental strategies. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 18(5), 519-532.
  • Can, A. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi. Pegem akademi,2. Baskı. Ankara
  • Campos, J. J., Anderson, D. I., Barbu-Roth, M. A., Hubbard, E. M., Hertenstein, M. J., Witherington, D. (2000). Travel broadens the mind. Infancy, 1(2), 149-219.
  • Dane, S., Erzurumluoglu, A. (2003). Sex and handedness differences in eye-hand visual reaction times in handball players. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113(7), 923-929.
  • Diamond, A. (2007). Interrelated and interdependent. Developmental science, 10(1), 152-158.
  • Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., May, A. (2004). Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427(6972), 311-312.
  • Emmorey, K., Klima, E., Hickok, G. (1998). Mental rotation within linguistic and non-linguistic domains in users of American sign language. Cognition, 68(3), 221-246.
  • Eskicioğlu Y. E., Çoknaz, H. (2016). Türkiye’de Futbol, Türk Halkoyunları, Basketbol Ve Voleybol Antrenmanlarına Katılan ve Katılmayan İşitme Engelli Bireylerin Görsel Reaksiyon Sürelerinin Karşılaştırılması. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 18-25
  • Etnier, J. L., Nowell, P. M., Landers, D. M., Sibley, B. A. (2006). A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. Brain research reviews, 52(1), 119-130.
  • Fine, I., Finney, E. M., Boynton, G. M., Anddobkins, K. R. (2005). Comparing The Effects of Auditory Deprivation and Sign Language Within The Auditory and Visualcortex. J.Cogn.Neurosci. 17.1621–1637.
  • Goodman, E. (2015). Gender effects in cognition exist in deaf signers: New considerations for an old question (Doctoral dissertation, Gallaudet University).
  • Gursoy, R. (2010). Sex differences in relations of muscle power, lung function, and reaction time in athletes. Perceptual and motor skills, 110(3), 714-720.
  • Gkouvatzi, A. N., Mantis, K., Kambas, A. (2010). Comparative Study of Motor Performance of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in Reaction Time, Visual-Motor Control and Upper Limb Speed and Dexterity Abilities. International Journal of Special Education, 25(2), 15-25.
  • Jäncke, L., Koeneke, S., Hoppe, A., Rominger, C., and Hänggi, J. (2009). The architecture of the golfer's brain. PloS one, 4(3), e4785.
  • Jansen, P., Pietsch, S. (2010). Physical Activity improves mental rotation performance. Creative Education, 1(1), 58-61.
  • Jansen, P., Lehmann, J., Van Doren, J. (2012). Mental rotation performance in male soccer players. PloS one, 7(10), e48620.
  • Jordan, K., Wüstenberg, T., Heinze, H. J., Peters, M., Jäncke, L. (2002). Women and men exhibit different cortical activation patterns during mental rotation tasks. Neuropsychologia, 40(13), 2397-2408.
  • Keehner, M., Gathercole, S. E. (2007). Cognitive adaptations arising from nonnative experience of sign language in hearing adults. Memory and Cognition, 35(4), 752-761.
  • Kucian, K., Loenneker, T., Dietrich, T., Martin, E., Von Aster, M. (2005). Gender differences in brain activation patterns during mental rotation and number related cognitive tasks. Psychology Science, 47(1), 112.
  • Linn, M. C., Petersen, A. C. (1985). Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis. Child development, 1479-1498.
  • Lohman, D. F., Nichols, P. D. (1990). Training spatial abilities: Effects of practice on rotation and synthesis tasks. Learning and Individual Differences, 2(1), 67-93.
  • Mann, D. T., Williams, A. M., Ward, P., Janelle, C. M. (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(4), 457-478.
  • Masters, M. S. (1998). The gender difference on the mental rotations test is not due to performance factors. Memory and cognition, 26(3), 444-448.
  • Memmert, D. (2006). The effects of eye movements, age, and expertise on inattentional blindness. Consciousness and cognition, 15(3), 620-627.
  • Moreau, D., Mansy-Dannay, A., Clerc, J., Guerrien, A. (2011). Spatial ability and motor performance: assessing mental rotation processes in elite and novice athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology.
  • Neville, H. J., & Lawson, D. (1987). Attention To Central And Peripheral Visual Space İn A Movement Detection Task: An Event-Related Potential And Behavioral Study. Congenitally Deaf Adults. Brain Research, 405(2), 268-283.
  • Ozel, S., Larue, J., Molinaro, C. (2002). Relation between sport activity and mental rotation: Comparison of three groups of subjects. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95(3_suppl), 1141-1154.
  • Pérez-Tejero J., Soto-Rey J., Rojo-González J. J. (2011). Study Of Reaction Time To Visual And Auditory Stimuli. Motricidad: European Journal Of Human Movement, 27, 149 – 162.
  • Peters, M., Battista, C. (2008). Applications of mental rotation figures of the Shepard and Metzler type and description of a mental rotation stimulus library. Brain and cognition, 66(3), 260-264.
  • Pietsch, S., Jansen, P. (2012, August). The relationship between coordination skill and mental rotation ability. In International Conference on Spatial Cognition (pp. 173-181). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Reina, R., Moreno, F. J., Sanz, D. (2007). Visual behavior and motor responses of novice and experienced wheelchair tennis players relative to the service return. Adapted physical activity quarterly, 24(3), 254-271.
  • Savelsbergh, G. J., Netelenbos, J. B. (1992). Can the developmental lag in motor abilities of deaf children be partly attributed to localization problems?. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 9(4), 343-352.
  • Shepard, R. N., Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171(3972), 701-703.
  • Soto-Rey, J., Pérez-Tejero, J., Rojo-González, J. J., Reina, R. (2014). Study of reaction time to visual stimuli in athletes with and without a hearing impairment. Perceptual and motor skills, 119(1), 123-132.
  • Scali, R. M., Brownlow, S., Hicks, J. L. (2000). Gender differences in spatial task performance as a function of speed or accuracy orientation. Sex roles, 43(5), 359-376.
  • Schmidt, R. A., Lee, T. D. (1988). Motor learning and control: A behavioral emphasis Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Schmidt, M., Egger, F., Kieliger, M., Rubeli, B., and Schüler, J. (2016). Gymnasts and orienteers display better mental rotation performance than non-athletes. Journal of individual differences.
  • Sladen, D. P., Tharpe, A. M., Ashmead, D. H., Grantham, D. W., & Chun, M. M. (2005). Visual Attention İn Deaf And Normal Hearing Adults. Journal Of Speech, Language, And Hearing Research. vol. 48, pp.1529-1537.
  • Talbot, K. F., Haude, R. H. (1993). The relation between sign language skill and spatial visualization ability: Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77(3_suppl), 1387-1391.
  • Taylor, R. L., Campbell, G. T. (1976). Sensory interaction: Vision is modulated by hearing. Perception, 5(4), 467-477.
  • Tharpe A. M., Ashmead D. H., Rothpletz A. M. (2002). Visual Attention in Children With Hearing Aids and Children With Cochlear İmplants. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research. vol.445, 409-413.
  • Thomsen, T., Hugdahl, K., Ersland, L., Barndon, R., Lundervold, A., Smievoll, A. I., Sundberg, H. (2000). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of sex differences in a mental rotation task. Medical Science Monitor, 6(6), 1186-1196.
  • Vandenberg, S. G., Kuse, A. R. (1978). Mental rotations, a group test of three-dimensional spatial visualization. Perceptual and motor skills, 47(2), 599-604.
  • Voyer, D., Isaacs, M. (1993). Sex differences in mental rotation: Role of practice and experience. In Poster presented at the third meeting of the Canadian Society for Brain, Behavior, and Cognitive Science, Toronto, Ontario.
  • Voyer, D., Voyer, S., Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological bulletin, 117(2), 250.
  • Voyer, D., Nolan, C., Voyer, S. (2000). The relation between experience and spatial performance in men and women. Sex Roles, 43(11), 891-915.
  • Voyer, D., Saunders, K. A. (2004). Gender differences on the mental rotations test: a factor analysis. Acta Psychologica, 117(1), 79-94.
  • Voyer, D., Rodgers, M. A., McCormick, P. A. (2004). Timing conditions and the magnitude of gender differences on the Mental Rotations Test. Memory and cognition, 32(1), 72-82.
  • Watt J., Davis F. E. (1991). The prevalence of boredom proneness and depression among profoundly deaf residential school adolescents. American Annals of the Deaf, 136( 5), 409– 413.
  • Williams, M., Davids, K., Burwitz, L., Williams, J. (1993). Cognitive knowledge and soccer performance. Perceptual and Motor skills, 76(2), 579-593.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ali Kamil Güngör 0000-0001-5875-0742

Şenay Şahin 0000-0002-5670-7166

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 24 Haziran 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Güngör, A. K., & Şahin, Ş. (2022). Comparison of Mental Rota tion and Reaction Time Performances In Deaf Athletes And Non-Athletes. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(2), 126-137. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1024364

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