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AN ANALYSIS OF THE EU’S SOFT POWER AND THE EU – TURKEY RELATIONS THROUGH METAPHORS

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: Temmuz 2020(Özel Ek) - Prof. Dr. Sabri ORMAN Özel Sayısı, 501 - 514, 31.07.2020

Öz

The major high and low tides characterize EU-Turkey relations. On the one hand, democratic reforms in Turkey within the last decades have been largely credited to the EU. On the other hand, the “never-ending” accession process, the accusations against the Turkish government of blackmailing the Union with the refugees, the full membership of Greek Cypriots as the full representative of the whole island have created havoc in the relations. Hence, this study aims at finding out how these variations affect the soft power of the EU. Accordingly, based on a review of the literature, the paper gives a detailed account of the recent issues and challenges in the relations. Besides, a case study was conducted at a foundation university in the Black Sea region of Turkey to give a glimpse of the perceptions of university students about the EU-Turkey relations through metaphors. The study concludes that Turkey should retain its democratic gains, whereas the EU should fix the inconsistencies in its policies not to repeat the missteps of the past to reinstate its soft power.

Kaynakça

  • ABNTDT – AB Nezdinde Türkiye Daimi Temsilciliği. (2017) AB ve Üyelik Sürecimiz: Temel Bilgiler El Kitabı, Brüksel.
  • Afionis, S. & Stringer, L. C. (2014) The environment as a strategic priority in the European Union–Brazil partnership: is the EU behaving as a normative power or soft imperialist?. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 14(1), 47-64.
  • Alhojailan, M. I. (2012) Thematic analysis: A critical review of its process and evaluation. West East Journal of Social Sciences 1(1): 39-47.
  • Antonucci, D. & Manzocchi, S. (2006) Does Turkey have a special trade relation with the EU?: A gravity model approach. Economic Systems 30(2): 157-169.
  • Baç, M. M. (2003) Turkey’s accession to the European Union: institutional and security challenges. European Journal of International Relations 9(2): 29-43.
  • Balcı, A., & Cicioğlu, F. (2020). Turkey in the discourse of European far right: the uses and abuses of Turkey’s membership process for a counter-hegemony. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 28(1), 100-113. doi:10.1080/14782804.2019.1677574
  • Brljavac, B. (2011) Turkey Entering the European Union through the Balkan Doors: In the Style of a Great Power!?. Tranzicija 13(27): 89-97.
  • Celik, H. (2016) An examination of cross sectional change in student’s metaphorical perceptions towards heat, temperature and energy concepts. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology 4(3): 229-245. doi:10.18404/ijemst.86044
  • Dîrdală, L. D. (2013) After Vilnius: the European Union's smart power and the Eastern Neighbourhood. Eastern Journal of European Studies 4(2): 123-136.
  • Eppler, M. J. (2006) A comparison between concept maps, mind maps, conceptual diagrams, and visual metaphors as complementary tools for knowledge construction and sharing. Information visualization 5(3): 202-210.
  • Eren, T. M. (2014) Avrupa Birliği’nin Genişleme Politikası ve Yumuşak Gücünün Geleceği [The Enlargement Policy of European Union and the Future of Its Soft Power].Trakya University Journal of Social Science 16(1): 359-374.
  • European Commission (2017a) European Commission - Press release. Available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-385_en.htm (21.04.2017).
  • European Commission (2017b) European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/policy/glossary/terms/accession-criteria_en
  • Güler, A., Halıcıoğlu, M. B., & Taşğın, S. (2015) Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma (2. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Kalkan, E. (2016) Is Turkey Awkward or Indispensable Candidate for EU Membership. Ankara: Hakim Yayınları.
  • Kalkan, E. (2017). Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliği Sürecinde Demokratikleşme Çabaları. B. Hergüner, & E. Kalkan içinde, Farklı Boyutlarıyla Avrupa Birliği–Türkiye İlişkileri: Türkiye’nin Dönüşümünde Avrupa Birliği’nin Rolü (s. 23-44). Ankara: Siyasal.
  • Kalkan, E. (2020). The Longstanding Dispute between Turkey and Greece: the Aegean Issue. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 28, 167-174.
  • Kaya, A. (2020). Right-wing populism and Islamophobism in Europe and their impact on Turkey–EU relations. Turkish Studies, 21(1), 1-28. doi:10.1080/14683849.2018.1499431
  • Kibaroglu, M., & Caglar, B. (2008) Implications of a nuclear Iran for Turkey. Middle East Policy 15(4): 59-80.
  • Kodaman, T., Kanat, S., Saraç, E., İlboğa, M., & Eser, B. (2008) Avrupa Birliği Bilinç Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi: Isparta İli Örneği [Measuring the European Union Consciousness Level : The Case of Isparta City]. SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 17: 201-227.
  • Korkusuz, Ş. (2012) EU-Turkey relations in the radical nationalist discourse: the Nationalist Action Party (MHP). Bogaziçi Journal 26 (1): 3-27.
  • Lagendijk, J. & Wiersma, J. M. (2009) Avrupa’nın Müslüman Komşuları [Travels among Europe’s Muslim Neighbours]. (Translated by Selim Önal). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (2005) Metaforlar Hayat, Anlam ve Dil [Metaphors, Life, Meaning and Language] (Translated by G. Y. Demir). İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • Macmillan, C. (2010) Privileged Partnership, Open Ended Accession Negotiations and the Securitisation of Turkey's EU Accession Process. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 18(4): 447-462.
  • Macmillan, C. (2016) Discourse, Identity and the Question of Turkish Accession to the EU: Through the Looking Glass. London: Routledge.
  • Martins, D. C. (2008) Experiences of homeless people in the health care delivery system: a descriptive phenomenological study. Public health nursing 25(5): 420-430.
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994) Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. London: Sage.
  • Nye J.S. (1990) Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books.
  • Nye J.S. (2004) Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nye J.S. (2008) The Powers to Lead. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye J.S. (2011) The Future of Powers. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nye J.S. (2014) Transformational and transactional presidents. Leadership 10(1): 118-124.
  • Oran, N. T., Hürsoy, S., Şenuzun, F., & Yücel, U. (2010) Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği üyeliği konusunda sağlık bilimleri öğrencilerinin genel yaklaşımları [Health sciences students’ opinions on Turkey’s European Union membership]. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi 7(1): 439-455.
  • Öner, S. (2014) Different manifestations of the rise of far-right in European politics: The cases of Germany and Austria. Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 22(2): 85-106.
  • Özkanca, O. D. (2016) Turkey and the European Union: Strategic Partners or Competitors in the Western Balkans?. Journal of Regional Security 11(1): 33-54.
  • Schimmelfennig, F., Engert, S., & Knobel, H. (2003) Costs, commitment and compliance: the impact of EU democratic conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia and Turkey. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 41(3): 495-518.
  • Schmitt, R. (2005) Systematic metaphor analysis as a method of qualitative research. The qualitative report 10(2): 358-394.
  • Sözen, A. (2004) “Turkey - EU Enlargement at a Crossroads: Turkey’s Democratisation in Light of its EU Candidate Status”, Paper prepared for presentation at the 2004 Conference Enlargement and the Future of the European Union: Parallel Paths or Crossroads? in Warsaw, Poland, 1-3 July, 2004.
  • Ulusoy, K. (2011) The European impact on state–religion relations in Turkey: Political Islam, Alevis and non-Muslim minorities. Australian Journal of Political Science 46(3): 407-423.
  • De Vreese, C. H., Boomgaarden, H. G., & Semetko, H. A. (2008) Hard and soft: Public support for Turkish membership in the EU. European Union Politics 9(4): 511-530.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2008) Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yılmaz, G. (2014) Türkiye, Avrupalılaşma ve Yerel Değişim. Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 22(2): 63-84.

AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN YUMUŞAK GÜCÜNÜN VE AB-TÜRKİYE İLİŞKİLERİNİN METAFORLAR ARACILIĞIYLA ANALİZİ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: Temmuz 2020(Özel Ek) - Prof. Dr. Sabri ORMAN Özel Sayısı, 501 - 514, 31.07.2020

Öz

AB - Türkiye ilişkilerini büyük gelgitler şekillendirmektedir. Bir taraftan, Türkiye'deki demokratik reformlarda AB'nin rolüne büyük önem atfedilirken, diğer taraftan Türkiye'nin hiç bitmeyen AB'ye katılım süreci, göçmenler konusunda Türk hükümetine AB tarafından yapılan şantaj suçlamaları, Kıbrıs Rumlarının BM planını reddeden taraf olmalarına karşın tüm adayı temsilen AB'ye kabul edilmesi ilişkilere hasar vermektedir. Bu çalışma, bu keskin değişimlerin AB'nin yumuşak gücü üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Buna uygun olarak, ilgili literatür üzerinden, ilişkiler üzerindeki zorluklar ve açmazların detaylı bir incelemesi yapılmıştır. Buna ilaveten, Karadeniz'deki bir vakıf üniversitesinin öğrencileriyle yapılan vaka çalışmasıyla metaforlar üzerinden üniversite öğrencilerinin ilişkilere yönelik algıları ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmada, Türkiye'nin demokratik kazanımlarını koruması, AB'nin ise yumuşak gücünü koruyabilmek adına geçmişteki hatalarını tekrarlamadan daha tutarlı politikalar üretmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • ABNTDT – AB Nezdinde Türkiye Daimi Temsilciliği. (2017) AB ve Üyelik Sürecimiz: Temel Bilgiler El Kitabı, Brüksel.
  • Afionis, S. & Stringer, L. C. (2014) The environment as a strategic priority in the European Union–Brazil partnership: is the EU behaving as a normative power or soft imperialist?. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 14(1), 47-64.
  • Alhojailan, M. I. (2012) Thematic analysis: A critical review of its process and evaluation. West East Journal of Social Sciences 1(1): 39-47.
  • Antonucci, D. & Manzocchi, S. (2006) Does Turkey have a special trade relation with the EU?: A gravity model approach. Economic Systems 30(2): 157-169.
  • Baç, M. M. (2003) Turkey’s accession to the European Union: institutional and security challenges. European Journal of International Relations 9(2): 29-43.
  • Balcı, A., & Cicioğlu, F. (2020). Turkey in the discourse of European far right: the uses and abuses of Turkey’s membership process for a counter-hegemony. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 28(1), 100-113. doi:10.1080/14782804.2019.1677574
  • Brljavac, B. (2011) Turkey Entering the European Union through the Balkan Doors: In the Style of a Great Power!?. Tranzicija 13(27): 89-97.
  • Celik, H. (2016) An examination of cross sectional change in student’s metaphorical perceptions towards heat, temperature and energy concepts. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology 4(3): 229-245. doi:10.18404/ijemst.86044
  • Dîrdală, L. D. (2013) After Vilnius: the European Union's smart power and the Eastern Neighbourhood. Eastern Journal of European Studies 4(2): 123-136.
  • Eppler, M. J. (2006) A comparison between concept maps, mind maps, conceptual diagrams, and visual metaphors as complementary tools for knowledge construction and sharing. Information visualization 5(3): 202-210.
  • Eren, T. M. (2014) Avrupa Birliği’nin Genişleme Politikası ve Yumuşak Gücünün Geleceği [The Enlargement Policy of European Union and the Future of Its Soft Power].Trakya University Journal of Social Science 16(1): 359-374.
  • European Commission (2017a) European Commission - Press release. Available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-385_en.htm (21.04.2017).
  • European Commission (2017b) European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/policy/glossary/terms/accession-criteria_en
  • Güler, A., Halıcıoğlu, M. B., & Taşğın, S. (2015) Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma (2. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Kalkan, E. (2016) Is Turkey Awkward or Indispensable Candidate for EU Membership. Ankara: Hakim Yayınları.
  • Kalkan, E. (2017). Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliği Sürecinde Demokratikleşme Çabaları. B. Hergüner, & E. Kalkan içinde, Farklı Boyutlarıyla Avrupa Birliği–Türkiye İlişkileri: Türkiye’nin Dönüşümünde Avrupa Birliği’nin Rolü (s. 23-44). Ankara: Siyasal.
  • Kalkan, E. (2020). The Longstanding Dispute between Turkey and Greece: the Aegean Issue. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 28, 167-174.
  • Kaya, A. (2020). Right-wing populism and Islamophobism in Europe and their impact on Turkey–EU relations. Turkish Studies, 21(1), 1-28. doi:10.1080/14683849.2018.1499431
  • Kibaroglu, M., & Caglar, B. (2008) Implications of a nuclear Iran for Turkey. Middle East Policy 15(4): 59-80.
  • Kodaman, T., Kanat, S., Saraç, E., İlboğa, M., & Eser, B. (2008) Avrupa Birliği Bilinç Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi: Isparta İli Örneği [Measuring the European Union Consciousness Level : The Case of Isparta City]. SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 17: 201-227.
  • Korkusuz, Ş. (2012) EU-Turkey relations in the radical nationalist discourse: the Nationalist Action Party (MHP). Bogaziçi Journal 26 (1): 3-27.
  • Lagendijk, J. & Wiersma, J. M. (2009) Avrupa’nın Müslüman Komşuları [Travels among Europe’s Muslim Neighbours]. (Translated by Selim Önal). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (2005) Metaforlar Hayat, Anlam ve Dil [Metaphors, Life, Meaning and Language] (Translated by G. Y. Demir). İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • Macmillan, C. (2010) Privileged Partnership, Open Ended Accession Negotiations and the Securitisation of Turkey's EU Accession Process. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 18(4): 447-462.
  • Macmillan, C. (2016) Discourse, Identity and the Question of Turkish Accession to the EU: Through the Looking Glass. London: Routledge.
  • Martins, D. C. (2008) Experiences of homeless people in the health care delivery system: a descriptive phenomenological study. Public health nursing 25(5): 420-430.
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994) Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. London: Sage.
  • Nye J.S. (1990) Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books.
  • Nye J.S. (2004) Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nye J.S. (2008) The Powers to Lead. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye J.S. (2011) The Future of Powers. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nye J.S. (2014) Transformational and transactional presidents. Leadership 10(1): 118-124.
  • Oran, N. T., Hürsoy, S., Şenuzun, F., & Yücel, U. (2010) Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği üyeliği konusunda sağlık bilimleri öğrencilerinin genel yaklaşımları [Health sciences students’ opinions on Turkey’s European Union membership]. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi 7(1): 439-455.
  • Öner, S. (2014) Different manifestations of the rise of far-right in European politics: The cases of Germany and Austria. Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 22(2): 85-106.
  • Özkanca, O. D. (2016) Turkey and the European Union: Strategic Partners or Competitors in the Western Balkans?. Journal of Regional Security 11(1): 33-54.
  • Schimmelfennig, F., Engert, S., & Knobel, H. (2003) Costs, commitment and compliance: the impact of EU democratic conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia and Turkey. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 41(3): 495-518.
  • Schmitt, R. (2005) Systematic metaphor analysis as a method of qualitative research. The qualitative report 10(2): 358-394.
  • Sözen, A. (2004) “Turkey - EU Enlargement at a Crossroads: Turkey’s Democratisation in Light of its EU Candidate Status”, Paper prepared for presentation at the 2004 Conference Enlargement and the Future of the European Union: Parallel Paths or Crossroads? in Warsaw, Poland, 1-3 July, 2004.
  • Ulusoy, K. (2011) The European impact on state–religion relations in Turkey: Political Islam, Alevis and non-Muslim minorities. Australian Journal of Political Science 46(3): 407-423.
  • De Vreese, C. H., Boomgaarden, H. G., & Semetko, H. A. (2008) Hard and soft: Public support for Turkish membership in the EU. European Union Politics 9(4): 511-530.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2008) Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yılmaz, G. (2014) Türkiye, Avrupalılaşma ve Yerel Değişim. Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 22(2): 63-84.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Burak Hergüner 0000-0002-6240-5463

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2020
Kabul Tarihi 3 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 19 Sayı: Temmuz 2020(Özel Ek) - Prof. Dr. Sabri ORMAN Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Hergüner, B. (2020). AN ANALYSIS OF THE EU’S SOFT POWER AND THE EU – TURKEY RELATIONS THROUGH METAPHORS. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(Temmuz 2020(Özel Ek), 501-514.