Research Article
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Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 353 - 358, 30.12.2021

Abstract

References

  • 1. Akın M, Sallayıcı M, Kesilmiş İ, Kesilmiş MM. Yüzücülerde dinamik denge yeteneği ile plantar fleksiyon ve dorsal fleksiyon hareket açıları arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 2017; 9(2): 71-76.
  • 2. Baechle TR, Earle RW. Essentials of strength training and conditioning, Human Kinetics, 2008.
  • 3. Barbosa TM, Costa MJ, Morais JE, Morouço P, Moreira M, Garrido ND., Marinho DA, Silva AJ. Characterization of speed fluctuation and drag force in young swimmers: A gender comparison. Human Movement Science, 2013; 32(6): 1214-1225.
  • 4. Correia RA, Feitosa WG, Figueiredo P, Papoti M, Castro F. The 400-m Front Crawl Test: Energetic and 3D Kinematical Analyses. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2020; 41(1).
  • 5. Ekstrand J, Wiktorsson M, Oberg B, Gillquist J. Lower extremity goniometric measurements: a study to determine their reliability. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitati, (1982); 63(4): 171–175.
  • 6. Geladas ND, Nassis GP, & Pavlicevic S. Somatic and physical traits affecting sprint swimming performance in young swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2005; 26(02): 139-144.
  • 7. Gonjo T, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas J.P, Sanders R. Upper body kinematic differences between maximum front crawl and backstroke swimming. Journal of Biomechanics, 2020; 98: 109452.
  • 8. Jagomägi G, Jürimäe T. The influence of anthropometrical and flexibility parameters on the results of breaststroke swimming. Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht Uber die Biologisch-Anthropologische Literatur, 2005; 63(2): 213-219.
  • 9. Keiner M, Wirth K, Fuhrmann S, Kunz M, Hartmann H, Haff GG. The Influence of upper- and lower-body maximum strength on swim block start, turn, and overall swim performance in sprint swimming. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2019.
  • 10. McCullough AS, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Solomon-Hill GF, Jr Hatfield DL, Vingren JL, Ho JY, Fragala MS, Thomas GA, Häkkinen K, Maresh CM. Factors affecting flutter kicking speed in women who are competitive and recreational swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2009; 23(7): 2130–2136.
  • 11. Miller KD. Measurement by the physical educator why how, St. Wilmington. 2006; Mc Graw Hill.
  • 12. Mitchell L, Rattray B, Saunders PU, Pyne DB. The relationship between talent identification testing parameters and performance in elite junior swimmers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2018; 21(12): 1281–1285.
  • 13. Mookerjee S, Bibi KW, Kenney GA, Cohen L. Relationship between isokinetic strength, flexibility, and flutter kicking speed in female collegiate swimmers. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 1995; 9(2): 71-74.
  • 14. Morais JE, Silva AJ, Marinho DA, Marques MC, Batalha N, Barbosa TM. Modelling the relationship between biomechanics and performance of young sprinting swimmers. European Journal of Sport Science, 2016; 16(6): 661–668.
  • 15. Noto-Bell L, Vogel BN, Senn DE. Effects of post-isometric relaxation on ankle plantarflexion and timed flutter kick in pediatric competitive swimmers. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 2019; 119(9): 569–577. https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2019.100.
  • 16. Puszczałowska-Lizis E, Omorczyk J. The level of body balance in standing position and handstand in seniors athletes practicing artistic gymnastics. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 2019; 21(2): 37-44.
  • 17. Ratamess N. ACSM's foundations of strength training and conditioning, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2011.
  • 18. Reichmuth D, Olstad BH, Born DP. (2021). Key performance indicators related to strength, endurance, flexibility, anthropometrics, and swimming performance for competitive aquatic lifesaving. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021; 18(7): 3454.
  • 19. Saavedra JM, Escalante Y, Rodríguez, FA. A multivariate analysis of performance in young swimmers. Pediatric Exercise Science, 2010; 22(1): 135-151.
  • 20. Sugimoto S, Nakashima M, Ichikawa H, Miwa T, Takeda T, Nomura T. The effects of plantar flexion angle increment on the performance during underwater dolphin kick using simulation analysis. Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences, 2008; 53: 51-60.
  • 21. Sifaki O, Zafiriadis S, Tsalis G, Loupos D. Relationship of physical and kinetic characteristics of the ankle joint and the performance of freestyle kick in pre-pubertal swimmers and water polo players. Inquiries in Sport & Physical Education, 2014; 12(1).
  • 22. Shimojo H, Nara R, Baba Y, Ichikawa H, Ikeda Y, Shimoyama Y. Does ankle joint flexibility affect underwater kicking efficiency and three-dimensional kinematics? Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019; 37(20): 2339–2346.
  • 23. Strzała M, Krężałek P, Kaca M, Głąb G, Ostrowski A, Stanula A, Tyka A. Swimming speed of the breaststroke kick. Journal of Human Kinetics, 2012; 35: 133–139.
  • 24. Willems TM, Cornelis JA, De Deurwaerder LE, Roelandt F, De Mits S. The effect of ankle muscle strength and flexibility on dolphin kick performance in competitive swimmers. Human movement science, 2014; 36: 167-176.
  • 25. Silva AF, Figueiredo P, Ribeiro J, Alves F, Vilas-Boas JP, Seifert L, Fernandes RJ. Integrated analysis of young swimmers' sprint performance. Motor Control, 2019; 23(3): 354–364.
  • 26. Vitor F, Böhme MT. Performance of young male swimmers in the 100-meters front crawl. Pediatric Exercise Science, 2010; 22(2): 278–287.
  • 27. Young W, Farrow D. ‘’A review of agility: Practical applications for strength and conditioning.’’ Strength and Conditioning Journal, 2006; 28(5): 24-29.

Does ankle plantar and dorsiflexion affect fifty-meter swimming time in swimmers?

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 353 - 358, 30.12.2021

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between ankle plantar and dorsiflexion and the four swimming styles in girl and boy swimmers. The study consisted of 20 girls (Mage= 16.50 ± 0.51 years) and 20 boys (Mage= 16.50±0.51 years), for a total of 40 swimmers volunteer individuals. Anthropometric and body composition measures were obtained including body height, body mass, fat %, fat free mass (FFM). Besides, ankle flexibility was assessed by measuring ankle plantar flexion and ankle dorsiflexion and four style swimming performance was obtained in official competition. All values are presented as mean ±SD and median (min – max). Student t-test was performed on each independent variable to compare differences between the genders for the parametric test, for the nonparametric tests, it was used Mann Whitney U test. For the correlation analysis between two variables, Pearson correlation coefficients were used to describe correlations for the parametric variables, spearman’s correlation coefficients were used for the non-parametric variables. Significant high and moderate level of correlations was found between ankle plantar flexion, dorsiflexion (right and left), and average flexion and four style swim time in girl swimmers (p<0.001). In boy swimmers, there was found a moderate level of correlation between left, and average ankle dorsiflexion except right ankle dorsiflexion and swimming time for all styles (p<0.05). In conclusion, the study findings especially point towards the potential importance of ankle plantar and dorsiflexion in 50 m swimming time for all styles in girl swimmers.

References

  • 1. Akın M, Sallayıcı M, Kesilmiş İ, Kesilmiş MM. Yüzücülerde dinamik denge yeteneği ile plantar fleksiyon ve dorsal fleksiyon hareket açıları arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 2017; 9(2): 71-76.
  • 2. Baechle TR, Earle RW. Essentials of strength training and conditioning, Human Kinetics, 2008.
  • 3. Barbosa TM, Costa MJ, Morais JE, Morouço P, Moreira M, Garrido ND., Marinho DA, Silva AJ. Characterization of speed fluctuation and drag force in young swimmers: A gender comparison. Human Movement Science, 2013; 32(6): 1214-1225.
  • 4. Correia RA, Feitosa WG, Figueiredo P, Papoti M, Castro F. The 400-m Front Crawl Test: Energetic and 3D Kinematical Analyses. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2020; 41(1).
  • 5. Ekstrand J, Wiktorsson M, Oberg B, Gillquist J. Lower extremity goniometric measurements: a study to determine their reliability. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitati, (1982); 63(4): 171–175.
  • 6. Geladas ND, Nassis GP, & Pavlicevic S. Somatic and physical traits affecting sprint swimming performance in young swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2005; 26(02): 139-144.
  • 7. Gonjo T, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas J.P, Sanders R. Upper body kinematic differences between maximum front crawl and backstroke swimming. Journal of Biomechanics, 2020; 98: 109452.
  • 8. Jagomägi G, Jürimäe T. The influence of anthropometrical and flexibility parameters on the results of breaststroke swimming. Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht Uber die Biologisch-Anthropologische Literatur, 2005; 63(2): 213-219.
  • 9. Keiner M, Wirth K, Fuhrmann S, Kunz M, Hartmann H, Haff GG. The Influence of upper- and lower-body maximum strength on swim block start, turn, and overall swim performance in sprint swimming. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2019.
  • 10. McCullough AS, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Solomon-Hill GF, Jr Hatfield DL, Vingren JL, Ho JY, Fragala MS, Thomas GA, Häkkinen K, Maresh CM. Factors affecting flutter kicking speed in women who are competitive and recreational swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2009; 23(7): 2130–2136.
  • 11. Miller KD. Measurement by the physical educator why how, St. Wilmington. 2006; Mc Graw Hill.
  • 12. Mitchell L, Rattray B, Saunders PU, Pyne DB. The relationship between talent identification testing parameters and performance in elite junior swimmers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2018; 21(12): 1281–1285.
  • 13. Mookerjee S, Bibi KW, Kenney GA, Cohen L. Relationship between isokinetic strength, flexibility, and flutter kicking speed in female collegiate swimmers. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 1995; 9(2): 71-74.
  • 14. Morais JE, Silva AJ, Marinho DA, Marques MC, Batalha N, Barbosa TM. Modelling the relationship between biomechanics and performance of young sprinting swimmers. European Journal of Sport Science, 2016; 16(6): 661–668.
  • 15. Noto-Bell L, Vogel BN, Senn DE. Effects of post-isometric relaxation on ankle plantarflexion and timed flutter kick in pediatric competitive swimmers. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 2019; 119(9): 569–577. https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2019.100.
  • 16. Puszczałowska-Lizis E, Omorczyk J. The level of body balance in standing position and handstand in seniors athletes practicing artistic gymnastics. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 2019; 21(2): 37-44.
  • 17. Ratamess N. ACSM's foundations of strength training and conditioning, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2011.
  • 18. Reichmuth D, Olstad BH, Born DP. (2021). Key performance indicators related to strength, endurance, flexibility, anthropometrics, and swimming performance for competitive aquatic lifesaving. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021; 18(7): 3454.
  • 19. Saavedra JM, Escalante Y, Rodríguez, FA. A multivariate analysis of performance in young swimmers. Pediatric Exercise Science, 2010; 22(1): 135-151.
  • 20. Sugimoto S, Nakashima M, Ichikawa H, Miwa T, Takeda T, Nomura T. The effects of plantar flexion angle increment on the performance during underwater dolphin kick using simulation analysis. Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences, 2008; 53: 51-60.
  • 21. Sifaki O, Zafiriadis S, Tsalis G, Loupos D. Relationship of physical and kinetic characteristics of the ankle joint and the performance of freestyle kick in pre-pubertal swimmers and water polo players. Inquiries in Sport & Physical Education, 2014; 12(1).
  • 22. Shimojo H, Nara R, Baba Y, Ichikawa H, Ikeda Y, Shimoyama Y. Does ankle joint flexibility affect underwater kicking efficiency and three-dimensional kinematics? Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019; 37(20): 2339–2346.
  • 23. Strzała M, Krężałek P, Kaca M, Głąb G, Ostrowski A, Stanula A, Tyka A. Swimming speed of the breaststroke kick. Journal of Human Kinetics, 2012; 35: 133–139.
  • 24. Willems TM, Cornelis JA, De Deurwaerder LE, Roelandt F, De Mits S. The effect of ankle muscle strength and flexibility on dolphin kick performance in competitive swimmers. Human movement science, 2014; 36: 167-176.
  • 25. Silva AF, Figueiredo P, Ribeiro J, Alves F, Vilas-Boas JP, Seifert L, Fernandes RJ. Integrated analysis of young swimmers' sprint performance. Motor Control, 2019; 23(3): 354–364.
  • 26. Vitor F, Böhme MT. Performance of young male swimmers in the 100-meters front crawl. Pediatric Exercise Science, 2010; 22(2): 278–287.
  • 27. Young W, Farrow D. ‘’A review of agility: Practical applications for strength and conditioning.’’ Strength and Conditioning Journal, 2006; 28(5): 24-29.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Erkan Demirkan 0000-0002-6243-8062

Tuğrul Özkadı This is me 0000-0001-9336-6957

Sema Can 0000-0003-1931-2226

İsmet Alagöz This is me 0000-0002-2538-3699

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Acceptance Date January 5, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 23 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Demirkan, E., Özkadı, T., Can, S., Alagöz, İ. (2021). Does ankle plantar and dorsiflexion affect fifty-meter swimming time in swimmers?. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 23(3), 353-358.
AMA Demirkan E, Özkadı T, Can S, Alagöz İ. Does ankle plantar and dorsiflexion affect fifty-meter swimming time in swimmers?. Turk J Sport Exe. December 2021;23(3):353-358.
Chicago Demirkan, Erkan, Tuğrul Özkadı, Sema Can, and İsmet Alagöz. “Does Ankle Plantar and Dorsiflexion Affect Fifty-Meter Swimming Time in Swimmers?”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 23, no. 3 (December 2021): 353-58.
EndNote Demirkan E, Özkadı T, Can S, Alagöz İ (December 1, 2021) Does ankle plantar and dorsiflexion affect fifty-meter swimming time in swimmers?. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 23 3 353–358.
IEEE E. Demirkan, T. Özkadı, S. Can, and İ. Alagöz, “Does ankle plantar and dorsiflexion affect fifty-meter swimming time in swimmers?”, Turk J Sport Exe, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 353–358, 2021.
ISNAD Demirkan, Erkan et al. “Does Ankle Plantar and Dorsiflexion Affect Fifty-Meter Swimming Time in Swimmers?”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 23/3 (December 2021), 353-358.
JAMA Demirkan E, Özkadı T, Can S, Alagöz İ. Does ankle plantar and dorsiflexion affect fifty-meter swimming time in swimmers?. Turk J Sport Exe. 2021;23:353–358.
MLA Demirkan, Erkan et al. “Does Ankle Plantar and Dorsiflexion Affect Fifty-Meter Swimming Time in Swimmers?”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, vol. 23, no. 3, 2021, pp. 353-8.
Vancouver Demirkan E, Özkadı T, Can S, Alagöz İ. Does ankle plantar and dorsiflexion affect fifty-meter swimming time in swimmers?. Turk J Sport Exe. 2021;23(3):353-8.

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