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Leisure Attitude Scale Short Form (LAS-SF): Turkish Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 27 - 39, 28.04.2023

Levent Önal Fatih Bedir

Abstract

In the study, it was aimed to conduct the Turkish validity and reliability study of the 18-item short form of the "Leisure Attitude Scale" developed by Ragheb and Beard (1982) with 36 items, revised and prepared by Teixeira and Freire in 2013. The form was designed to measure young adults' attitudes towards leisure time. It is thought that the number of items being less than the original scale (18 items) will contribute to the Turkish literature in terms of ease of use. This is a methodological study in which the Turkish reliability and validity study of the Leisure Attitude Scale Short Form was conducted. Considering the emphasis on high school and university students in the original scale study, the adaptation study was conducted on a sample that had the same experience in a different culture. Data were collected from a total of 221 participants, and the scale answers of 31 participants, which were thought to be incomplete or erroneous, were not included in the evaluation. At the stage of construct validity, explanatory factor analysis was used to determine the characteristics of the factor structure, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to understand whether the 3-factor structure resulting from EFA was in good agreement with the sample data. It has been determined that the Leisure Attitude Scale-Short Form (LAS-SF) can be used as a valid-reliable scale in determining the leisure time attitudes of young adult individuals. A high total score in the application of the scale indicates that individuals have high leisure time attitudes, and low scores indicate low attitudes.

Keywords

Leisure Attitude Scale

References

  • Akgül, B. M., & Gürbüz, B. (2011). Boş zaman tutum ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1), 37-43.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables (Vol. 210): John Wiley & Sons.
  • Brislin, R. W., Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J. & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. Vol. 11, New York: J. Wiley.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological methods & research, 21(2), 230-258.
  • Carpenter, G., & Patterson, I. (2004). The leisure perceptions and leisure meanings of a mid-life couple around the time of retirement. World Leis J. 46, 13–25.
  • Chen, Y. C., Li, R. H., & Chen, S. H. (2013). Relationships among adolescents’ leisure motivation, leisure involvement, and leisure satisfaction: A structural equation model. Social indicators research, 110(3), 11871199.
  • Chiu, L. K., & Kayat, K. (2010). Psychological determinants of leisure time physical activity participation among public university students in Malaysia. ASEAN Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2(2), 33– 45.
  • Cho, D., & Price, T. (2018). Leisure Constraints to Participation in Competitive Activities and Intramural Sports: Comparing International and Domestic Students. Journal of International Students, 8(2), 884-900.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
  • Deng, J., Walker, G. J., & Swinnerton, G. (2005). Leisure attitudes: A comparison between Chinese in Canada and Anglo-Canadians. Leisure/Loisir, 29(2), 239–273. doi:0.1080/14927713.2005. 9651331.
  • Eskiler, E., Yıldız, Y., & Ayhan, C. (2019). The effect of leisure benefits on leisure satisfaction: Extreme sports. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 21(1), 16-20.
  • Freire, T., & Teixeira, A. (2018). The influence of leisure attitudes and leisure satisfaction on adolescents’ positive functioning: The role of emotion regulation. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1349.
  • Güler, G., & Ayan, C. (2020). Review of Attitude Scales Developed in Turkey Between 2002-2018 Regarding the Scale Development Process. Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 53(3).
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Canonical correlation: A supplement to multivariate data analysis. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective, 7th ed.; Pearson Prentice Hall Publishing: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
  • Hsieh, C.-M. (1998). Leisure attitudes, motivation, participation, and satisfaction: Test of a model of leisure behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Isik, U., & Demirel, M. (2018). Turkish adaptation of study-leisure conflict scale, its validity and reliability. European Journal of Education Studies.
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
  • Kara, F. M., Emir, E., Gürbüz, B., & Öncü, E. (2018). Serbest zamanın anlamı: yetişkin bireyler örneği.
  • Kono, S., Ito, E., & Loucks-Atkinson, A. (2021). Are leisure constraints models reflective or formative?: Evidence from confirmatory tetrad analyses. Leisure Sciences, 44(1), 55-76.
  • Korol, S. M., Korol, V. M., & Zinchenko, A. V. (2020). Leisure management at the educational ınstitutions of the labour reserves system during the post-war recovery of ukraine, (1945-1950).
  • Lee, C., Payne, L. L., & Berdychevsky, L. (2018). The roles of leisure attitudes and self-efficacy on attitudes toward retirement among retirees: a sense of coherence theory approach. Leis. Sci. 1, 1–18.
  • Mannell, R. C., & Kleiber, D. A. (2020). Psychology of leisure. In Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies (pp. 40-51). Routledge.
  • Moghadam, M. B. (2011). Exploring relationship of personality’s models and constructs of leisure. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 8(2), 530–535.
  • Mouratidis, K. (2019). Built environment and leisure satisfaction: The role of commute time, social interaction, and active travel. Journal of transport geography, 80, 102491.
  • Orsega-Smith, E., Payne, L. L., Mowen, A. J., Ho, C., & Godbey, G. C. (2007). The role of social support and self-efficacy in shaping the leisure time physical activity of older adults. J. Leis. Res. 39, 705–727.
  • Pérez-de la Cruz, S., Gonzalez-Gerez, J. J., Arellano de León, Ó. & Vargas Rodriguez, A. (2022). Spanish Validation of the PALMS (Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 10064.
  • Ragheb, M. G., & Beard, J. G. (1982). Measuring leisure attitude. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(2), 155167.
  • Ragheb, M. G. & Tate, R. L. (1993). A behavioural model of leisure participation, based on leisure attitude, motivation and satisfaction. Leis. Stud. 12, 61–70.
  • Roomy, A. (2019). Bridging the gap between principles and practices in sport and leisure management: a framework for the financial management of parks and recreation. 東海大学紀要. 体育学部, (48), 119- 123.
  • Rosa, C. D., Collado, S., Profice, C. C., & Larson, L. R. (2019). Nature-based recreation associated with connectedness to nature and leisure satisfaction among students in Brazil. Leisure Studies, 38(5), 682- 691.
  • Searle, M. S., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1988). Determinants of leisure behavior among retired adults. Ther. Recreat. J.22, 38–46.
  • Sevic, M., & Eskiler, E. (2020). Campus Recreation: Investigating the Relationship between Leisure Constraints and Involvement. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 4(1), 65-75.
  • Silk, M., Andrews, D., & Thorpe, H. (Eds.). (2017). The Routledge handbook of physical cultural studies. London: Routledge.
  • Silk, M., Caudwell, J., & Gibson, H. (2017). Views on leisure studies: pasts, presents & future possibilities?. Leisure Studies, 36(2), 153-162.
  • Stanton, J. M., Sinar, E. F., Balzer, W. K., & Smith, P. C. (2002). Issues and strategies for reducing the length of self-report scales. Perspective Psychology, 55(1), 167–194.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5): pearson Boston, MA.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2005). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Teixeira, A., & Freire, T. (2013). The leisure attitude scale: Psychometrics properties of a short version for adolescents and young adults. Leisure/Loisir, 37(1), 5767.
  • Trang, N. T., & Lee, G. (2018). Senses in leisure tourism: Scale development and its relationship with emotions. 관광연구저널, 32(4), 21-39.
  • Tsai, C., Huang, C. & Wu, M. (2014). The relevant study of leisure motivation, leisure attitude and health promotion lifestyle of elderly people in Taiwan. Zenodo 8, 2374–2377.
  • Wilson, R., Platts, C., & Plumley, D. (Eds.). (2022). Torkildsen's Sport and Leisure Management. Taylor & Francis. Zhou, B., Zhang, Y., Dong, E., Ryan, C., & Li, P. (2021). Leisure satisfaction and quality of life of residents in Ningbo, China. Journal of Leisure Research, 52(4), 469-486.

Serbest Zaman Tutum Ölçeği Kısa Formu (SZTÖ-KF): Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 27 - 39, 28.04.2023

Levent Önal Fatih Bedir

Abstract

Çalışmada Ragheb ve Beard (1982) tarafından geliştirilmiş olan “Serbest Zaman Tutum Ölçeği”nin (36 Madde), 2013 yılında Teixeira ve Freire tarafından revize edilerek hazırlanan kısa formunun (18 Madde) Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmasının yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma Serbest Zaman Tutum Ölçeği Kısa Formunun Türkçe güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışmasının yapıldığı metodolojik bir araştırmadır. Form genç yetişkinlerin serbest zamana karşı tutumlarını değerlendirici nitelikte tasarlanmıştır. Madde sayısının orijinal ölçeğe göre daha az sayıda olması (18 madde) kullanım kolaylığı açısından Türkçe literatüre katkı saylayacağı düşünülmektedir. Orijinal ölçek çalışmasında, lise ve üniversite öğrencileri vurgusu dikkate alınarak uyarlama çalışmasında farklı bir kültürde aynı deneyime sahip olan örneklem üzerinden çalışma yürütülmüştür. Toplam 221 katılımcıdan veri toplanmış, eksik ya da hatalı olduğu düşünülen 31 katılımcıya ait ölçek cevapları değerlendirilmeye dâhil edilmemiştir. Faktör yapısının özelliklerini tespit etmek amacıyla açıklayıcı faktör analizi ve bunun sonucu ortaya çıkan üç faktörlü yapının örneklem verisine iyi uyum gösterip göstermediğini anlamak amacıyla da doğrulayıcı faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Serbest Zaman Tutum Ölçeği – Kısa Formu’nun (SZTÖ-KF) genç yetişkin bireylerin serbest zaman tutumlarının belirlenmesinde geçerli-güvenilir bir ölçek olarak kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir. Ölçeğin uygulanmasında bireylerin aldığı toplam puanın yüksek olması bireylerin serbest zaman tutumlarının yüksek olduğunu, düşük puanın ise tutumlarının düşük olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

Serbest Zaman Tutum Ölçek

References

  • Akgül, B. M., & Gürbüz, B. (2011). Boş zaman tutum ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1), 37-43.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables (Vol. 210): John Wiley & Sons.
  • Brislin, R. W., Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J. & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. Vol. 11, New York: J. Wiley.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological methods & research, 21(2), 230-258.
  • Carpenter, G., & Patterson, I. (2004). The leisure perceptions and leisure meanings of a mid-life couple around the time of retirement. World Leis J. 46, 13–25.
  • Chen, Y. C., Li, R. H., & Chen, S. H. (2013). Relationships among adolescents’ leisure motivation, leisure involvement, and leisure satisfaction: A structural equation model. Social indicators research, 110(3), 11871199.
  • Chiu, L. K., & Kayat, K. (2010). Psychological determinants of leisure time physical activity participation among public university students in Malaysia. ASEAN Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2(2), 33– 45.
  • Cho, D., & Price, T. (2018). Leisure Constraints to Participation in Competitive Activities and Intramural Sports: Comparing International and Domestic Students. Journal of International Students, 8(2), 884-900.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
  • Deng, J., Walker, G. J., & Swinnerton, G. (2005). Leisure attitudes: A comparison between Chinese in Canada and Anglo-Canadians. Leisure/Loisir, 29(2), 239–273. doi:0.1080/14927713.2005. 9651331.
  • Eskiler, E., Yıldız, Y., & Ayhan, C. (2019). The effect of leisure benefits on leisure satisfaction: Extreme sports. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 21(1), 16-20.
  • Freire, T., & Teixeira, A. (2018). The influence of leisure attitudes and leisure satisfaction on adolescents’ positive functioning: The role of emotion regulation. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1349.
  • Güler, G., & Ayan, C. (2020). Review of Attitude Scales Developed in Turkey Between 2002-2018 Regarding the Scale Development Process. Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 53(3).
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Canonical correlation: A supplement to multivariate data analysis. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective, 7th ed.; Pearson Prentice Hall Publishing: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
  • Hsieh, C.-M. (1998). Leisure attitudes, motivation, participation, and satisfaction: Test of a model of leisure behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Isik, U., & Demirel, M. (2018). Turkish adaptation of study-leisure conflict scale, its validity and reliability. European Journal of Education Studies.
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
  • Kara, F. M., Emir, E., Gürbüz, B., & Öncü, E. (2018). Serbest zamanın anlamı: yetişkin bireyler örneği.
  • Kono, S., Ito, E., & Loucks-Atkinson, A. (2021). Are leisure constraints models reflective or formative?: Evidence from confirmatory tetrad analyses. Leisure Sciences, 44(1), 55-76.
  • Korol, S. M., Korol, V. M., & Zinchenko, A. V. (2020). Leisure management at the educational ınstitutions of the labour reserves system during the post-war recovery of ukraine, (1945-1950).
  • Lee, C., Payne, L. L., & Berdychevsky, L. (2018). The roles of leisure attitudes and self-efficacy on attitudes toward retirement among retirees: a sense of coherence theory approach. Leis. Sci. 1, 1–18.
  • Mannell, R. C., & Kleiber, D. A. (2020). Psychology of leisure. In Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies (pp. 40-51). Routledge.
  • Moghadam, M. B. (2011). Exploring relationship of personality’s models and constructs of leisure. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 8(2), 530–535.
  • Mouratidis, K. (2019). Built environment and leisure satisfaction: The role of commute time, social interaction, and active travel. Journal of transport geography, 80, 102491.
  • Orsega-Smith, E., Payne, L. L., Mowen, A. J., Ho, C., & Godbey, G. C. (2007). The role of social support and self-efficacy in shaping the leisure time physical activity of older adults. J. Leis. Res. 39, 705–727.
  • Pérez-de la Cruz, S., Gonzalez-Gerez, J. J., Arellano de León, Ó. & Vargas Rodriguez, A. (2022). Spanish Validation of the PALMS (Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 10064.
  • Ragheb, M. G., & Beard, J. G. (1982). Measuring leisure attitude. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(2), 155167.
  • Ragheb, M. G. & Tate, R. L. (1993). A behavioural model of leisure participation, based on leisure attitude, motivation and satisfaction. Leis. Stud. 12, 61–70.
  • Roomy, A. (2019). Bridging the gap between principles and practices in sport and leisure management: a framework for the financial management of parks and recreation. 東海大学紀要. 体育学部, (48), 119- 123.
  • Rosa, C. D., Collado, S., Profice, C. C., & Larson, L. R. (2019). Nature-based recreation associated with connectedness to nature and leisure satisfaction among students in Brazil. Leisure Studies, 38(5), 682- 691.
  • Searle, M. S., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1988). Determinants of leisure behavior among retired adults. Ther. Recreat. J.22, 38–46.
  • Sevic, M., & Eskiler, E. (2020). Campus Recreation: Investigating the Relationship between Leisure Constraints and Involvement. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 4(1), 65-75.
  • Silk, M., Andrews, D., & Thorpe, H. (Eds.). (2017). The Routledge handbook of physical cultural studies. London: Routledge.
  • Silk, M., Caudwell, J., & Gibson, H. (2017). Views on leisure studies: pasts, presents & future possibilities?. Leisure Studies, 36(2), 153-162.
  • Stanton, J. M., Sinar, E. F., Balzer, W. K., & Smith, P. C. (2002). Issues and strategies for reducing the length of self-report scales. Perspective Psychology, 55(1), 167–194.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5): pearson Boston, MA.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2005). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Teixeira, A., & Freire, T. (2013). The leisure attitude scale: Psychometrics properties of a short version for adolescents and young adults. Leisure/Loisir, 37(1), 5767.
  • Trang, N. T., & Lee, G. (2018). Senses in leisure tourism: Scale development and its relationship with emotions. 관광연구저널, 32(4), 21-39.
  • Tsai, C., Huang, C. & Wu, M. (2014). The relevant study of leisure motivation, leisure attitude and health promotion lifestyle of elderly people in Taiwan. Zenodo 8, 2374–2377.
  • Wilson, R., Platts, C., & Plumley, D. (Eds.). (2022). Torkildsen's Sport and Leisure Management. Taylor & Francis. Zhou, B., Zhang, Y., Dong, E., Ryan, C., & Li, P. (2021). Leisure satisfaction and quality of life of residents in Ningbo, China. Journal of Leisure Research, 52(4), 469-486.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports and Recreation
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Levent Önal 0000-0003-4453-1965

Fatih Bedir 0000-0002-2820-5353

Publication Date April 28, 2023
Submission Date February 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Önal, L., & Bedir, F. (2023). Serbest Zaman Tutum Ölçeği Kısa Formu (SZTÖ-KF): Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Spor Ve Bilim Dergisi, 1(1), 27-39.