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DIGITAL LEISURE FLOW EXPERIENCE: SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY

Year 2023, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 48 - 62, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1207592

Abstract

The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool for measuring the flow experience in “digital leisure” activities, which has emerged as a new type of leisure experience with the influence of digital technologies. The pool of 36 items created for this purpose was presented to the expert opinions, and the 9 items that were not suitable for the scale's structure were removed from the pool and arrangements were made on the remaining item pool and content validity was ensured. In order to determine the structure of the scale with 27 items, 291 university student (AgeMean.= 20.80 ± 2.095) participants selected by purposive sampling method were included and EFA was performed through the SPSS 25.0 package program. As a result of EFA, a structure with 18 items and 3 factors was determined, which explains 55.064% of the total variance. In the next step, 377 participants (AgeMean. = 20.73 ±2.020) with a different sample group for the purpose of validating the scale, using CFA using the AMOS.21 licensed package program. As a result of the CFA, it was determined that the model had sufficient fit. As a result of the applied statistical analysis and evaluations, it was revealed that the Digital Leisure Flow Experience Scale has a valid and reliable structure consisting of 17 items and 3 sub-dimensions.

References

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  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için veri ve analizi el kitabı: istatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Pegem Yayıncılık: Ankara.
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  • Calvo, T. G., Castuera, R. J., Ruano, F. J. S. R., Vaíllo, R. R., & Gimeno, E. C. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Flow State Scale. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 660-669.
  • Carnicelli, S., McGillivray, D., & McPherson, G. (Eds.). (2017). Digital leisure cultures: Critical perspectives. New York: Routledge.
  • Chang, H.H. (2017) Gender differences in leisure involvement and flow experience in professional extreme sport activities, World Leisure Journal, 59(2), 124-139, DOI: 10.1080/16078055.2016.1166152
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  • Chen, J. (2007). Flow in games (and everything else). A well-designed game transports its players to the personal flow zones, delivering genuine feelings of pleasure and happiness. Comunication of The ACM, 50(4), 31-34.
  • Cheng, T. M., Hung, S. H., & Chen, M. T. (2016). The influence of leisure involvement on flow experience during hiking activity: Using psychological commitment as a mediate variable. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2014.1002507
  • Churchill Jr, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of marketing research, 16(1), 64-73.
  • Clarke, Sharon, G. & John T., Haworth (1994), "'Flow' Experience in the Daily Lives of Sixth-Form Collect Students," British Journal of Psychology, 85, 511-523.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety: Experiencing flow in work and play. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
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  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50.
  • Ghani, Jawaid A. & Satish P. Deshpande (1994), "Task Characteristics and the Experience of Optimal Flow in Human-Computer Interaction," The Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 381-391.
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R.L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Sixth edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
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  • Hsu, C. L., & Lu, H. P. (2004). Why do people play on-line games? An extended TAM with social influences and flow experience. Information & management, 41(7), 853-868.
  • Hsu, S. C., & Liu, L. W. (2020). The relationship between serious leisure, flow experience, leisure benefit and quality of life of Yoga. African Journal of Hospitality Tourism and Leisure, 1-10.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
  • Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The Flow State Scale. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 18(1), 17-35.
  • Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Assessing flow in physical activity: The flow state scale–2 and dispositional flow scale–2. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 24(2), 133-150.
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DİJİTAL SERBEST ZAMAN AKIŞ DENEYİMİ: ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI

Year 2023, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 48 - 62, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1207592

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, günümüzde dijital teknolojilerin etkisi ile serbest zaman deneyimlerinin yeni bir türü olarak ortaya çıkan “dijital serbest zaman” etkinlikleri içerisindeki akış deneyiminin ölçülmesine yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracının geliştirilmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda oluşturulan 36 maddelik havuz uzman görüşlerine sunulmuş ve ölçeğin yapısında uygun olmayan 9 madde havuzdan çıkarılarak kalan madde havuzu üzerinde düzenlemeler yapılmış ve kapsam geçerliliği sağlanmıştır. 27 madde ile ölçeğin yapısının belirlenmesi amacıyla amaçsal örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen üniversite öğrencisi 291 (YaşOrt.= 20.80 ± 2.095) katılımcı dahil edilip SPSS 25.0 paket programı aracılığıyla AFA gerçekleştirilmiştir. AFA sonucunda toplam varyansın %55,064’ünü açıklayan 18 madde ve 3 faktörlük bir yapı tespit edilmiştir. Bir sonraki aşamada ise ölçeğin doğrulanması amacı doğrultusunda farklı bir örneklem grubu ile 377 katılımcı (YaşOrt. = 20.73 ±2.020) AMOS.21 lisanslı paket programı kullanılarak DFA gerçekleştirilmiştir. DFA sonucunda modelin yeterli uyum sağladığı tespit edilmiştir. Uygulanan istatiksel analiz ve değerlendirmeler sonucunda Dijital Serbest Zaman Akış Deneyimi Ölçeği’ nin (DSZ-ADÖ) 17 madde ve 3 alt boyuttan oluşan geçerli ve güvenilir bir yapıya sahip olduğu ortaya konmuştur.

References

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  • Adiloğulları, İ, & Görgülü, R. (2015). Sporda Duygusal Zekâ Envanteri'nin uyarlama çalışması. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences - IJSETS , 1(2) , 83-94 . DOI: 10.18826/ijsets.05333.
  • Alonso Ruiz, R. A., Sáenz de Jubera Ocón, M., Valdemoros San Emeterio, M. Á., & Ponce de León Elizondo, A. (2022). Digital Leisure: An Opportunity for Intergenerational Well-Being in Times of Pandemic?. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 11(1), 31-48.
  • Aydoğan, F. (2017). Dijital Çağın Çocuklarının Serbest Zamanı. Trt Akademi, 2(4), 604-607.
  • Ayhan, C., Eskiler, E., & Soyer, F. (2020). Measuring flow experience in recreational participants: Scale development and validation: Rekreasyonel katılımcılarda akış deneyiminin ölçülmesi: Ölçek geliştirme ve doğrulama. Journal of Human Sciences, 17(4), 1297-1311.
  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için veri ve analizi el kitabı: istatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Pegem Yayıncılık: Ankara.
  • Bryce, J. (2001). The technological transformation of leisure. Social Science Computer Review, 19(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443930101900102
  • Calvo, T. G., Castuera, R. J., Ruano, F. J. S. R., Vaíllo, R. R., & Gimeno, E. C. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Flow State Scale. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 660-669.
  • Carnicelli, S., McGillivray, D., & McPherson, G. (Eds.). (2017). Digital leisure cultures: Critical perspectives. New York: Routledge.
  • Chang, H.H. (2017) Gender differences in leisure involvement and flow experience in professional extreme sport activities, World Leisure Journal, 59(2), 124-139, DOI: 10.1080/16078055.2016.1166152
  • Chen, H., Wigand, R. T., & Nilan, M. S. (1999). Optimal experience of web activities. Computers in human behavior, 15(5), 585-608.
  • Chen, J. (2007). Flow in games (and everything else). A well-designed game transports its players to the personal flow zones, delivering genuine feelings of pleasure and happiness. Comunication of The ACM, 50(4), 31-34.
  • Cheng, T. M., Hung, S. H., & Chen, M. T. (2016). The influence of leisure involvement on flow experience during hiking activity: Using psychological commitment as a mediate variable. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2014.1002507
  • Churchill Jr, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of marketing research, 16(1), 64-73.
  • Clarke, Sharon, G. & John T., Haworth (1994), "'Flow' Experience in the Daily Lives of Sixth-Form Collect Students," British Journal of Psychology, 85, 511-523.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety: Experiencing flow in work and play. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of personality and social psychology, 56(5), 815.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York Harper and Row.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1992). Flow: The psychology of happiness. London, Sydney, Auckland, Johannesburg: Rider.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York: Harper Collins.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (2014). Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 978-94). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler ı̇çin çok değişkenli ı̇statistik spss ve LISREL uygulamaları. 4. Baskı, Pegem Akademi. Ankara.
  • DeVellis, R.F. (2017) Ölçek geliştirme kuram ve uygulamalar. Çev: Totan ve Ark, Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Elkington, S. (2011). What it is to take the flow of leisure seriously. Leisure/Loisir, 35(3), 253-282. DOI: 10.1080/14927713.2011.614838
  • Fournier, J., Gaudreau, P., Demontrond-Behr, P., Visioli, J., Forest, J., & Jackson, S. (2007). French translation of the Flow State Scale-2: Factor structure, cross-cultural invariance, and associations with goal attainment. Psychology of sport and exercise, 8(6), 897-916.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50.
  • Ghani, Jawaid A. & Satish P. Deshpande (1994), "Task Characteristics and the Experience of Optimal Flow in Human-Computer Interaction," The Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 381-391.
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R.L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Sixth edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, BJ., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective, V ol.7.
  • Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to using the SAS system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: The SAS Institute.
  • Hinkin, T. R., (1995). Örgütler araştırmasında ölçek geliştirme uygulamalarına bir bakış. Yönetim Dergisi, 21, 967-988.
  • Havitz, M. E., & Mannell, R. C. (2005). Enduring involvement, situational involvement, and flow in leisure and non-leisure activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 37(2), 152-177.
  • Ho, C. H., & Cho, Y. H. (2021). Social media as a pathway to leisure: digital leisure culture among new mothers with young children in Taiwan. Leisure Sciences, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2021.2007823
  • Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations. Journal of marketing, 60(3), 50-68.
  • Hsu, C. L., & Lu, H. P. (2004). Why do people play on-line games? An extended TAM with social influences and flow experience. Information & management, 41(7), 853-868.
  • Hsu, S. C., & Liu, L. W. (2020). The relationship between serious leisure, flow experience, leisure benefit and quality of life of Yoga. African Journal of Hospitality Tourism and Leisure, 1-10.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
  • Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The Flow State Scale. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 18(1), 17-35.
  • Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Assessing flow in physical activity: The flow state scale–2 and dispositional flow scale–2. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 24(2), 133-150.
  • Juniu, S. (2009). The transformation of leisure. Leisure/Loisir, 33(2), 463-478. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2009.9651449
  • Kaur, P., Dhir, A., Chen, S., & Rajala, R. (2016). Flow in context: Development and validation of the flow experience instrument for social networking. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 358-367.
  • Kawabata, M., Mallett, C. J., & Jackson, S. A. (2008). The flow state scale-2 and dispositional flow scale-2: Examination of factorial validity and reliability for Japanese adults. Psychology of sport and exercise, 9(4), 465-485. Kelly, J. R. (1990). Leisure, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prenctice-Hall.
  • Layland, E. K., Peets, J. O., Hodge, C. J., & Glaza, M. (2021). Sibling relationship quality in the context of digital leisure and geographic distance for college-attending emerging adults. Journal of leisure research, 52(3), 307-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2021.1899778
  • Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). The concept of flow. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 89–105). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Nimrod, G., & Adoni, H. (2012) Conceptualizing E-leisure, Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure, 35(1), 31-56, DOI: 10.1080/07053436.2012.10707834
  • Novak, T. P., & Hoffman, D. L. (1997). Measuring the flow experience among web users. Interval Research Corporation, 31(1), 1-35.
  • Novak, T. P., & Hoffman, D. L., Duhachek, A. (2003). The influence of goal‐directed and experiential activities on online flow experiences. Journal of consumer psychology, 13(1-2), 3-16.
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There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine, Sports and Recreation
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Batuhan Er 0000-0002-4269-4149

Recep Cengız 0000-0003-4097-2237

Early Pub Date June 23, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 21 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Er, B., & Cengız, R. (2023). DİJİTAL SERBEST ZAMAN AKIŞ DENEYİMİ: ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(2), 48-62. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1207592

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