Review
BibTex RIS Cite

MARATON VE KELEBEK ETKİSİ

Year 2019, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 20 - 30, 31.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.528653

Abstract

Maraton 42km 195m’lik bir mesafeyi içeren bir yol
koşusudur. Aynı anda binlerce kişinin aktif olarak katılabildiği tek
organizasyondur ve halen küresel düzeyde ilgi gören en büyük spor
etkinliklerindendir. Maraton koşusu fiziksel ve ruhsal dayanıklılık ile büyük
bir çaba gerektirir. Yüzyılı aşkın bir süredir düzenlenen maraton
organizasyonlarının sayısı arttıkça katılımcı sayısı da artmıştır. Özellikle son
yıllarda artan küresel popülaritesi ve başarısı nedeniyle maraton organizasyonları
ekonomiyi önemli ölçüde etkileyen spor turizmi etkinliğine ve spor
pazarlamasına dönüşmüştür. Bu anlamda değerlendirildiğinde Maraton koşularının
yaratacağı etkiyi bir kelebek etkisi olarak metaforlaştırmak bu yazının odak
noktasıdır. Maraton etkinliklerinin
turizm ve ekonomik etkisinin yanı sıra toplum üzerinde sosyal etkisi de
bulunmaktadır. Farklı ülkelerden, kültürlerden ve şehirlerden insanların
maraton organizasyonlarına katılması etkinliğin yapıldığı şehirde yaşayan
insanların hayat tarzı ve tutumlarını önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle,
maraton koşusunun tarihsel süreç içerisinde kitle sporuna dönüşmesiyle ortaya
çıkan ekonomik, turizm ve sosyal etkilerinin literatür taramasına dayalı olarak
incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İlk modern olimpiyat oyunlarında yer alan ve
günümüze kadar 123 yıldır devam eden maratonun etkisi her geçen gün sürekli
artmaktadır. Maratondaki kelebek etkisi Küresel Büyüklük, Katılım (Kadın,
Erkek, Engelli ve Farklı Yaş Grupları), Ekonomik, Turizm ve Sosyal Etkisi
olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Küresel büyüklük olarak bir kelebeğin kanat
çırpması gibi Pheidippides efsanesiyle başlayan, gittikçe popülerleşen ve her
yaştan insanın ilgi odağı haline gelen maraton günümüzde kitle sporuna
dönüşmüştür.

References

  • Ahmadyar, B., Rosemann, T., Rüst, A.C. ve Knechtle B. (2016). Improved Race Times in Marathoners Older than 75 Years in the Last 25 Years in the World’s Largest Marathons. Chinese Journal of Physiology 59(3): 139-147.
  • Banks, J. (201 4). Analysis Of The Economic Impact Of The: 2014 Tcs New York City Marathon, Sport Finance And Economics.
  • Bodden, V. (2014). “The Boston Marathon Bombing”published by ABDO Publishing Company, PO Box 398166, Minneapolis, MN 55439.
  • Burfoot, A. (2016). First Ladies of Running: 22 Inspiring Profiles of the Revels, Rule Breakers, and Visionaries Who Changed the Sport Forever. New York: Rodale Press, Inc, pp.48,- 250.
  • Gibson, H. (1998). Active Sport Tourism: Who Participates?‟ Leisure Studies 17 (2- 3), pp.46-170.
  • Hall, C.M. (1992). Hallmark Tourism Events: Impacts, Management and Planning. London: Bethaven Press.
  • Higdon H., Burfoot A. (2011). The Gigantic Book of Running Quotations pp.703.
  • http://aims-worldrunning.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2018.
  • http://www.aimsworldcongress2018/ Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019
  • https://www.achillesinternational.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 6.12.2018
  • https://www.chicagomarathon.com/ Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019
  • https://www.kosicemarathon.com/ Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2018
  • https://www.terryfox.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 6.12.2018.
  • Jönssan, C., Lewis, C.C. (2014). Impacts of Hosting a Sport Event in Tourism High Season, Rasaala, Vol, 5 No. 1.
  • Lorenz, E.N. (1995). The Essence of Chaos, University of Washington Press, UCL Press Limited, UK.
  • Lovett, C. (1997). Olympic Marathon: A Centennial History of the Games’ Most Storied Race by Charlie Lovett (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1997). Reviewed by Scott G. Martyn, International Centre for Olympic Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
  • Martin D.E, Gynn R. (2000). The Olympic Marathon. Human Kinetics Publishers; 1 edition pp.422.
  • Muller, N. (2015). Michel Breal (1832-1915) – The Man Behind the Idea of the Marathon. The Sport Journel.
  • Nelson, M.R. (2013). American Sports: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. pp.117-118.
  • Olberding J. C., Olberding D., J. (2014). The social impacts of a special event on the host city: a conceptual framework and a case study of the Cincinnati Flying Pig Marathon. Int. J. Hospitality and Event Management, Vol. 1, No. 1.
  • Papanikos, G. T.( 2015). The Economic Effects of a Marathon as a Sport Tourism Event, Athens Journal of Sports - Volume 2, Issue 4– Pages 225-240.
  • Robinson, R. (2018). When Running Made History. First Edition. Syracuse University Press. pp. 7-8, 33-39.
  • Ross, S.D. (2001). “Developing Sport Tourism. An e-Guide for Destination Marketers and Sports Events Planners, National Laboratory for Tourismande Commerc” Illinois: University of Illionis at Urbana-Champaign: 3, pp.3-7.
  • Scherder, J., Breedveld, K., Borgers, J. (2015). Running across Europe: The Rise and Size of one of the Largest Sport Markets. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sears, E.S. (2015). Running Through the Ages, 2d ed. McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers. pp.276.
  • Severe, S., Kappen, J. A., Grout J. ve Tramosljanin, J. (2015). The gender effects of the new Boston Marathon qualification standards Journal of Sports Analytics 1 (2015) 33–42 DOI 10.3233/JSA-150003 IOS Press 33.
  • Smyth, B. (2017). The Berlin Marathon, 2017. An Analysis of Participation and Performance at the Berlin Marathon, 2017 https://medium.com/15.01.2019.
  • Sung. M-Y., Su, W.S. (2018). Marathon Events and City Marketing: A Case Study of the Taipei Marathon. International Journal of Arts and Commerce Vol. 7 No. 6.
  • Tjelta, L.I., Tønnessen E., Enoksen E. (2014). A Case Study of the Training of Nine Times New York Marathon Winner Grete Waitz. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching Volume 9 · Number 1.
  • Vos, S., Scherder, J. (2009). Loopsport in veelvoud. Vanuit. Naar een typologie van loopsportes (The rich spectrum of running. Towards a typology of runners). In:J. Scherder & F. Boen (eds). Vlaanderen loopt! Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de loopsportmarkt (Running in Flanders. The running market from a social science approach (SBS Series 1). Ghent: Academia Press, 267-287
  • Wicker P., Hallmann K,, (2012). Consumer profiles of runners at marathon races, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, Vol. 3 Issue: 2, pp.171-187.
  • Wicker P., Hallmann K., Zhang J.J.,(2012). What is influencing consumer expenditure and intention to revisit? An İnvestigation of Marathon Events. Journal of Sport & Tourism 17(3): 165-182.
  • www.theguardian.com/ Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2019.
  • Yarmolyuk O., Zolotaryova A. (2015) .Analysis of the sponsorship activities of the organizing committee “Kiev City Marathon-2014” Slobozhanskyi Herald of Science and Sport 477-25UDC 796.063.4:796.422.16(477-25).
Year 2019, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 20 - 30, 31.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.528653

Abstract

References

  • Ahmadyar, B., Rosemann, T., Rüst, A.C. ve Knechtle B. (2016). Improved Race Times in Marathoners Older than 75 Years in the Last 25 Years in the World’s Largest Marathons. Chinese Journal of Physiology 59(3): 139-147.
  • Banks, J. (201 4). Analysis Of The Economic Impact Of The: 2014 Tcs New York City Marathon, Sport Finance And Economics.
  • Bodden, V. (2014). “The Boston Marathon Bombing”published by ABDO Publishing Company, PO Box 398166, Minneapolis, MN 55439.
  • Burfoot, A. (2016). First Ladies of Running: 22 Inspiring Profiles of the Revels, Rule Breakers, and Visionaries Who Changed the Sport Forever. New York: Rodale Press, Inc, pp.48,- 250.
  • Gibson, H. (1998). Active Sport Tourism: Who Participates?‟ Leisure Studies 17 (2- 3), pp.46-170.
  • Hall, C.M. (1992). Hallmark Tourism Events: Impacts, Management and Planning. London: Bethaven Press.
  • Higdon H., Burfoot A. (2011). The Gigantic Book of Running Quotations pp.703.
  • http://aims-worldrunning.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2018.
  • http://www.aimsworldcongress2018/ Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019
  • https://www.achillesinternational.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 6.12.2018
  • https://www.chicagomarathon.com/ Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019
  • https://www.kosicemarathon.com/ Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2018
  • https://www.terryfox.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 6.12.2018.
  • Jönssan, C., Lewis, C.C. (2014). Impacts of Hosting a Sport Event in Tourism High Season, Rasaala, Vol, 5 No. 1.
  • Lorenz, E.N. (1995). The Essence of Chaos, University of Washington Press, UCL Press Limited, UK.
  • Lovett, C. (1997). Olympic Marathon: A Centennial History of the Games’ Most Storied Race by Charlie Lovett (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1997). Reviewed by Scott G. Martyn, International Centre for Olympic Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
  • Martin D.E, Gynn R. (2000). The Olympic Marathon. Human Kinetics Publishers; 1 edition pp.422.
  • Muller, N. (2015). Michel Breal (1832-1915) – The Man Behind the Idea of the Marathon. The Sport Journel.
  • Nelson, M.R. (2013). American Sports: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. pp.117-118.
  • Olberding J. C., Olberding D., J. (2014). The social impacts of a special event on the host city: a conceptual framework and a case study of the Cincinnati Flying Pig Marathon. Int. J. Hospitality and Event Management, Vol. 1, No. 1.
  • Papanikos, G. T.( 2015). The Economic Effects of a Marathon as a Sport Tourism Event, Athens Journal of Sports - Volume 2, Issue 4– Pages 225-240.
  • Robinson, R. (2018). When Running Made History. First Edition. Syracuse University Press. pp. 7-8, 33-39.
  • Ross, S.D. (2001). “Developing Sport Tourism. An e-Guide for Destination Marketers and Sports Events Planners, National Laboratory for Tourismande Commerc” Illinois: University of Illionis at Urbana-Champaign: 3, pp.3-7.
  • Scherder, J., Breedveld, K., Borgers, J. (2015). Running across Europe: The Rise and Size of one of the Largest Sport Markets. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sears, E.S. (2015). Running Through the Ages, 2d ed. McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers. pp.276.
  • Severe, S., Kappen, J. A., Grout J. ve Tramosljanin, J. (2015). The gender effects of the new Boston Marathon qualification standards Journal of Sports Analytics 1 (2015) 33–42 DOI 10.3233/JSA-150003 IOS Press 33.
  • Smyth, B. (2017). The Berlin Marathon, 2017. An Analysis of Participation and Performance at the Berlin Marathon, 2017 https://medium.com/15.01.2019.
  • Sung. M-Y., Su, W.S. (2018). Marathon Events and City Marketing: A Case Study of the Taipei Marathon. International Journal of Arts and Commerce Vol. 7 No. 6.
  • Tjelta, L.I., Tønnessen E., Enoksen E. (2014). A Case Study of the Training of Nine Times New York Marathon Winner Grete Waitz. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching Volume 9 · Number 1.
  • Vos, S., Scherder, J. (2009). Loopsport in veelvoud. Vanuit. Naar een typologie van loopsportes (The rich spectrum of running. Towards a typology of runners). In:J. Scherder & F. Boen (eds). Vlaanderen loopt! Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de loopsportmarkt (Running in Flanders. The running market from a social science approach (SBS Series 1). Ghent: Academia Press, 267-287
  • Wicker P., Hallmann K,, (2012). Consumer profiles of runners at marathon races, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, Vol. 3 Issue: 2, pp.171-187.
  • Wicker P., Hallmann K., Zhang J.J.,(2012). What is influencing consumer expenditure and intention to revisit? An İnvestigation of Marathon Events. Journal of Sport & Tourism 17(3): 165-182.
  • www.theguardian.com/ Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2019.
  • Yarmolyuk O., Zolotaryova A. (2015) .Analysis of the sponsorship activities of the organizing committee “Kiev City Marathon-2014” Slobozhanskyi Herald of Science and Sport 477-25UDC 796.063.4:796.422.16(477-25).
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Serap Aktaş This is me 0000-0002-5286-0868

Velittin Balcı 0000-0003-3145-9618

Publication Date March 31, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 17 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Aktaş, S., & Balcı, V. (2019). MARATON VE KELEBEK ETKİSİ. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.528653

Flag Counter