Abstract
The Reactive Strength Index (RSI) is used to determine the load and intensity of plyometric training in sports that require explosive strength. Although upper extremity plyometrics are used in athletic’ training programmes, there are no studies investigating upper extremity RSI. The aim of this study was to determine the upper and lower extremity reactive strength index generated during different plyometric push-up and jump techniques in boxers, and to examine the relationship between upper and lower extremity RSI. Twenty male boxers aged 18-35 years (age: 20.9±4.83; height: 1.76±.072; BMI: 22.42±2.39) with at least 4 years of boxing experience participated in the study. The RSI values were assessed during depth push-ups (10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm) and depth jumps (30 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm), pliyometric push-ups and countermovement jumps using a force platform (TekScan, Matscan, model 3150, Boston, USA). The RSI values were calculated from the jump heights and ground contact times obtained from the force platform. No statistically significant correlation was found between the lower and upper extremity RSI for any of the plyometric exercises (p>0.05). When comparing countermovement jump and depth jumps, a statistically significant difference was found between the countermovement jump RSI and all depth jump RSIs (p0.05). Boxers transfer the power generated by the ground reaction force through the trunk to the upper extremities in order to punch quickly and effectively. The lack of a correlation between upper and lower extremity RSI values in this study may be attributed to the significant contribution of the trunk strength in generating power with the upper extremities. In addition, it is believed that the varying RSI values obtained during different plyometric push-up and jump techniques may provide insight into determining the load and intensity of plyometric training.
References
- Bayraktar, I., & Çilli, M. (2017). Pliometrik Antrenmanlar Kuramsal ve Uygulama Yönleriyle (1. baskı ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
- Bosco, C., Komi, P., & Ito, A. (1981). Prestretch potentiation of human skeletal muscle during ballistic movement. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 111(2), 135-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1981.tb06716.x
- Carter, A. B., Kaminski, T. W., Douex Jr, A. T., Knight, C. A., & Richards, J. G. (2007). Effects of high volume upper extremity plyometric training on throwing velocity and functional strength ratios of the shoulder rotators in collegiate baseball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(1), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200702000-00038
- Chaabène, H., Tabben, M., Mkaouer, B., Franchini, E., Negra, Y., Hammami, M., Amara, Samiha., Chaabène, B.R: & Hachana, Y. (2015). Amateur boxing: physical and physiological attributes. Sports Medicine, 45, 337-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0274-7
- Davis, P., Wittekind, A., & Beneke, R. (2013). Amateur boxing: activity profile of winners and losers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 8(1), 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.1.84
- Ebben, W., & Blackard, D. (2001). Strength and conditioning practices of National Football League strength and conditioning coaches. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15 (1), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200102000-00009
- Fatouros, I., Jamurtas, A., Leontsini, D., Taxildaris, K., Aggelousis, N., Kostopoulos, N., & Buckenmeyer, P. (2000). Evaluation of plyometric exercise training, weight training, and their combination on vertical jumping performance and leg strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14(4), 470–476. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200011000-00016
- García-Massó, X., Colado, J. C., González, L. M., Salva, P. A. U., Alves, J., Tella, V., & Triplett, N. T. (2011). Myoelectric activation and kinetics of different plyometric push-up exercises. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(7), 2040-2047. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e4f7ce
- Gelen, E., Dede, M., Bingul, B. M., Bulgan, C., & Aydin, M. (2012). Acute effects of static stretching, dynamic exercises, and high volume upper extremity plyometric activity on tennis serve performance. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 11(4), 600.
- Hewett, T., Stroupe, A., Nance, T., & Noyes, F. (1996). Plyometric training in female athletes. Decreased impact forces and increased hamstring torques. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 24 (6), 765-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659602400611
- Hinshaw, T. J., Stephenson, M. L., Sha, Z., & Dai, B. (2018). Effect of external loading on force and power production during plyometric push-ups. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(4), 1099-1108. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001953
- İbrik, A. (2019). Adölesan taekwondo sporcularında pliometrik eğitiminin fiziksel uygunluk parametrelerine etkisi. (Yüksek lisans tezi. Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi).
- İnce, İ. (2020). 14-17 Yaş grubu voleybolcularda reaktif kuvvet indeksi ve bacak sertliğinin bazı performans testleri ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. GERMENİCA Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1, 37-45.
- Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Read, P., & Bishop, C. (2022). Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(2), 301-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01566-y
- Kipp, K., Kiely, M. T., Giordanelli, M. D., Malloy, P. J., & Geiser, C. F. (2018). Biomechanical determinants of the reactive strength index during drop jumps. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0021
- Koch, J., Riemann, B. L., & Davies, G. J. (2012). Ground reaction force patterns in plyometrics push-ups. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (8), 2220-7. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318239f867
- Markovic, G., Jukic, I., Milanovic, D., & Metikos, D. (2007). Effects of sprint and plyometric training on muscle function and athletic performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(2), 543–549. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-19535.1
- Matavulj, D., Kukolj, M., Ugarkovic, D., Tihanyi, J., & Jaric, S. (2001). Effects of plyometric training on jumping performance in junior basketball players. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41, 159-64.
- McMahon, J. J., Suchomel, T. J., Lake, J. P., & Comfort, P. (2021). Relationship between reactive strength index variants in rugby league players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(1), 280-285. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002462
- Moore Laura H, Tankovich Michael J, Riemann, B., & Davies, G. (2011). Kinematic analysis of four plyometric push-up variations. International Journal of Exercise Science, 5(4); 334-343. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000402317.48479.a7
- Nishiumi, D., Nishioka, T., Saito, H., Kurokawa, T., & Hirose, N. (2023). Associations of eccentric force variables during jumping and eccentric lower-limb strength with vertical jump performance: A systematic review. PloS one, 18(8), e0289631. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289631
- Pierce, J., Reinbold, K., Lyngard, B., Goldman, R., & Pastore, C. (2006). Direct measurement of punch force during six professional boxing matches. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 2(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.2202/1559-0410.1004
- Prieske, O., Chaabene, H., Puta, C., Behm, D. G., Büsch, D., & Granacher, U. (2019). Effects of drop height on jump performance in male and female elite adolescent handball players. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 14(5), 674-680. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0482
- Ramirez-Campillo, R., Thapa, R. K., Afonso, J., Perez-Castilla, A., Bishop, C., Byrne, P. J., & Granacher, U. (2023). Effects of plyometric jump training on the reactive strength ındex in healthy ındividuals across the lifespan: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 53(5), 1029-1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01825-0
- Swanik, K. A., Thomas, S. J., Struminger, A. H., Bliven, K. C. H., Kelly, J. D., & Swanik, C. B. (2016). The effect of shoulder plyometric training on amortization time and upper-extremity kinematics. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 25(4), 315-323. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2015-0005
- Turgut, E., Cinar-Medeni, O., Colakoglu, F. F., & Baltaci, G. (2019). “Ballistic Six” upper-extremity plyometric training for the pediatric volleyball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(5), 1305-1310. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002060
Abstract
Reaktif kuvvet indeksi (RKİ), patlayıcı kuvvet gerektiren spor branşlarında pliometrik antrenman yükünün ve yoğunluğunun belirlenmesi için kullanılmaktadır. Sporcuların yıllık programları içerisinde üst ekstremite pliometrik antrenmanları uygulanmasına rağmen RKİ çalışmalarına rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, üst ekstremitenin baskın olarak kullanıldığı boks sporunda şınav ve sıçrama teknikleriyle oluşturulan alt ve üst ekstremite reaktif kuvvet indekslerinin belirlenmesi ve aralarındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya, 18-35 yaş aralığında (yaş:20,9±4,83; boy:1,76±.072; VKİ:22,42±2,39), en az 4 yıllık boks geçmişi olan 20 lisanslı erkek boksör katılmıştır. Boksörlerin RKİ değerleri; derinlik şınav (10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm) ve derinlik sıçrama (30 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm), patlayıcı şınav, çök-sıçra hareketleri sırasında belirlenmiştir. Alt ve üst ekstremite RKİ değerleri kuvvet platformu (TekScan, Matscan, model 3150, Boston, USA) kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Kuvvet platformundan elde edilen sıçrama yükseklikleri ve temas süreleri kullanılarak RKİ hesaplaması yapılmıştır. Sınav ve sıçrama hareketleri sırasında elde edilen alt ve üst ekstremite RKİ değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişkiye rastlanmamıştır (p>0.05). Çök-sıçra ve derinlik sıçrama karşılaştırdığında ise, teknikler sırasında oluşturulan RKİ değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p0,05). Boksörler hızlı ve etkili yumruk atmak için, yer tepki kuvvetinden faydalanarak oluşturdukları gücü gövde vasıtasıyla üst ektremitelere aktarırlar. Bu çalışmada alt ve üst ekstremite RKİ değerleri arasında ilişki bulunmaması, üst ekstremiteyle kuvvet oluştururken gövdenin de önemli rolünün olmasından kaynaklanmış olabilir. Bunun yanında, farklı şınav teknikleri ve farklı sıçrama tekniklerinin RKİ değerlerinin değişken olmasının, düzenlenecek pliometrik antrenmanların yükünün ve yoğunluğunun belirlenmesine ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir.
References
- Bayraktar, I., & Çilli, M. (2017). Pliometrik Antrenmanlar Kuramsal ve Uygulama Yönleriyle (1. baskı ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
- Bosco, C., Komi, P., & Ito, A. (1981). Prestretch potentiation of human skeletal muscle during ballistic movement. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 111(2), 135-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1981.tb06716.x
- Carter, A. B., Kaminski, T. W., Douex Jr, A. T., Knight, C. A., & Richards, J. G. (2007). Effects of high volume upper extremity plyometric training on throwing velocity and functional strength ratios of the shoulder rotators in collegiate baseball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(1), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200702000-00038
- Chaabène, H., Tabben, M., Mkaouer, B., Franchini, E., Negra, Y., Hammami, M., Amara, Samiha., Chaabène, B.R: & Hachana, Y. (2015). Amateur boxing: physical and physiological attributes. Sports Medicine, 45, 337-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0274-7
- Davis, P., Wittekind, A., & Beneke, R. (2013). Amateur boxing: activity profile of winners and losers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 8(1), 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.1.84
- Ebben, W., & Blackard, D. (2001). Strength and conditioning practices of National Football League strength and conditioning coaches. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15 (1), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200102000-00009
- Fatouros, I., Jamurtas, A., Leontsini, D., Taxildaris, K., Aggelousis, N., Kostopoulos, N., & Buckenmeyer, P. (2000). Evaluation of plyometric exercise training, weight training, and their combination on vertical jumping performance and leg strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14(4), 470–476. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200011000-00016
- García-Massó, X., Colado, J. C., González, L. M., Salva, P. A. U., Alves, J., Tella, V., & Triplett, N. T. (2011). Myoelectric activation and kinetics of different plyometric push-up exercises. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(7), 2040-2047. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e4f7ce
- Gelen, E., Dede, M., Bingul, B. M., Bulgan, C., & Aydin, M. (2012). Acute effects of static stretching, dynamic exercises, and high volume upper extremity plyometric activity on tennis serve performance. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 11(4), 600.
- Hewett, T., Stroupe, A., Nance, T., & Noyes, F. (1996). Plyometric training in female athletes. Decreased impact forces and increased hamstring torques. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 24 (6), 765-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659602400611
- Hinshaw, T. J., Stephenson, M. L., Sha, Z., & Dai, B. (2018). Effect of external loading on force and power production during plyometric push-ups. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(4), 1099-1108. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001953
- İbrik, A. (2019). Adölesan taekwondo sporcularında pliometrik eğitiminin fiziksel uygunluk parametrelerine etkisi. (Yüksek lisans tezi. Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi).
- İnce, İ. (2020). 14-17 Yaş grubu voleybolcularda reaktif kuvvet indeksi ve bacak sertliğinin bazı performans testleri ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. GERMENİCA Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1, 37-45.
- Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Read, P., & Bishop, C. (2022). Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(2), 301-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01566-y
- Kipp, K., Kiely, M. T., Giordanelli, M. D., Malloy, P. J., & Geiser, C. F. (2018). Biomechanical determinants of the reactive strength index during drop jumps. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0021
- Koch, J., Riemann, B. L., & Davies, G. J. (2012). Ground reaction force patterns in plyometrics push-ups. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (8), 2220-7. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318239f867
- Markovic, G., Jukic, I., Milanovic, D., & Metikos, D. (2007). Effects of sprint and plyometric training on muscle function and athletic performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(2), 543–549. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-19535.1
- Matavulj, D., Kukolj, M., Ugarkovic, D., Tihanyi, J., & Jaric, S. (2001). Effects of plyometric training on jumping performance in junior basketball players. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41, 159-64.
- McMahon, J. J., Suchomel, T. J., Lake, J. P., & Comfort, P. (2021). Relationship between reactive strength index variants in rugby league players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(1), 280-285. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002462
- Moore Laura H, Tankovich Michael J, Riemann, B., & Davies, G. (2011). Kinematic analysis of four plyometric push-up variations. International Journal of Exercise Science, 5(4); 334-343. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000402317.48479.a7
- Nishiumi, D., Nishioka, T., Saito, H., Kurokawa, T., & Hirose, N. (2023). Associations of eccentric force variables during jumping and eccentric lower-limb strength with vertical jump performance: A systematic review. PloS one, 18(8), e0289631. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289631
- Pierce, J., Reinbold, K., Lyngard, B., Goldman, R., & Pastore, C. (2006). Direct measurement of punch force during six professional boxing matches. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 2(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.2202/1559-0410.1004
- Prieske, O., Chaabene, H., Puta, C., Behm, D. G., Büsch, D., & Granacher, U. (2019). Effects of drop height on jump performance in male and female elite adolescent handball players. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 14(5), 674-680. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0482
- Ramirez-Campillo, R., Thapa, R. K., Afonso, J., Perez-Castilla, A., Bishop, C., Byrne, P. J., & Granacher, U. (2023). Effects of plyometric jump training on the reactive strength ındex in healthy ındividuals across the lifespan: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 53(5), 1029-1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01825-0
- Swanik, K. A., Thomas, S. J., Struminger, A. H., Bliven, K. C. H., Kelly, J. D., & Swanik, C. B. (2016). The effect of shoulder plyometric training on amortization time and upper-extremity kinematics. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 25(4), 315-323. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2015-0005
- Turgut, E., Cinar-Medeni, O., Colakoglu, F. F., & Baltaci, G. (2019). “Ballistic Six” upper-extremity plyometric training for the pediatric volleyball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(5), 1305-1310. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002060
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sports Training, Biomechanics in Sports Science |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 30, 2024 |
| Submission Date | December 23, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | April 22, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 15 Issue: 1 |
