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A Study on The Problems Faced by Women in Sports

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 11 - 24, 19.12.2023

Ahmet Yavuz Karafil Esin Kaplan

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the problems experienced by women in sports with the Q method. In the methodological model of the research, the Q method, which includes qualitative and quantitative research methods, was used. The study group consists of 25 female participants who were included in the study by snowball sampling method. The research data were analyzed using the PQ-Method 2.35 program developed for Q method research. Principal component analysis method was used in the data analysis process. As a result of the rotation process after the principal component analysis, it was seen that the participant opinions were grouped under two factors. Z scores showed which questions the participants grouped under two different factors scored higher. Participants were interviewed about the scores obtained from positive and negative quantitative data and the underlying reasons were examined. The factors that cause the problems experienced by women in sports can be listed as the negative social perspective adopted by the society against women who do sports, the misinterpretation of the clothes worn by women in the sports environment and the understanding of sports as a male activity.

Keywords

Gender Differences Sexism İn Sports Women İn Sport Women Problems İn Sport

References

  • Akkaya, C., & Kaplan, Y. (2014). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Bağlamında Spor Medyasında Kadın. International Journal Of Sport Culture And Science, 2(Special Issue 2), 177-182.
  • Albayrak, İ. (2019). Kadın Güreşçilerin Spor Hayatlarında Karşılaştıkları Zorlukların İncelenmesi, İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Antrenörlük Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, Spor Yönetimi Bilim Dalı,, İstanbul.
  • Arslan, B., & Koca, C. (2006). Kadın Sporcuların Yer Aldığı Günlük Gazete Haberlerinin Sunum Biçimine Dair Bir İnceleme. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 1-10.
  • Barlow, F. K., Vickers-Jones, R., Alba, B., Williamson, E., Hutton, V., Hutton, V., ... & Williamson, E. (2020). Sexism. In Multicultural Responsiveness in Counselling and Psychology: Working with Australian Populations (pp. 125-151). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Basmacı, G. (2020). İnternet Spor Gazeteciliğinde Kadin Bedeninin Temsili: Sporx Gazetesi. International Journal Of Social And Humanities Sciences, 4(1), 129-144.
  • Bowes, A. 2022. The gender politics of sex integrated sport. The case of professional golf. In G. Molnar and R. Bullingham. edited by, The Routledge handbook of gender politics in sport and physical activitypp. 160–69. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Dereli, E. (2005). Türkiye’de Sporda Kadın Erkek Ayrımcılığının Nedenleri, Marmara Universitesi, Sağlı Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Spor Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
  • Erikainen S. (2020). Gender verification and the making of the female body in sport: A history of the present. Routledge.
  • Farkhod, N., Adilkhakim, J., Ravshanjon, M., Alisher, S., Amangul, Y., Dilfuza, U., & Fozil, A. (2021). Gender Equalıty In Sport: Stages Of Women's Sport Development In Uzbekıstan. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 18(08), 1733-1747.
  • Fink, J. S. (2015). Female athletes, women's sport, and the sport media commercial complex: Have we really “come a long way, baby”?. Sport management review, 18(3), 331-342.
  • Gentile, A., Boca, S., & Giammusso, I. (2018). ‘You play like a Woman!’Effects of gender stereotype threat on Women's performance in physical and sport activities: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39, 95-103.
  • Heffernan CD (2019) Gender Allyship: Considering the role of men in addressing the gender-leadership gap in sport organizations. Proquest Information & Learning. Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/201034.
  • Hindman, L. C., & Walker, N. A. (2020). Sexism in professional sports: How women managers experience and survive sport organizational culture. Journal of Sport Management, 34(1), 64-76.
  • Homan, P. (2019). Structural sexism and health in the United States: A new perspective on health inequality and the gender system. American Sociological Review, 84(3), 486-516.
  • Koca C. (2020) Sporda toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği haritalama ve izleme çalışması 2018-2020 güncellemesi. Ceid Yayınları.
  • Orta, L. (2018). Sporda Cinsiyet Eşitliği. Journal Of Awareness, 3(5), 101-108.
  • Lasso Jiménez, A. (2022). Sport Is Not Neutral: A Comparison of Gender Inequalities in Colombian and American Women’s Basketball Leagues. The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research, 12(1), 9.
  • Lundberg, A., de Leeuw, R., & Aliani, R. (2020). Using Q methodology: Sorting out subjectivity in educational research. Educational research review, 31, 100361.
  • Messner, M. A. (2002). Taking the field: Women, men, and sports (Vol. 4). U of Minnesota Press. Narin, M. (2019). Elit Sporda Cinsel Taciz, Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Spor Yöneticiliği Anabilim Dalı, Sakarya.
  • Narin, M., Keskin, M. S., Kabamaklı, E., Yıldız, S., & Kolayiş, H. (2022). Ataerkil Sistemin Kadın Sporcular Üzerine Etkisi. Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 17-26.
  • Nas, T. (2022). Exercısıng Wıth A Personal Traıner: Clıents’aıms And Experıences (Master's Thesis, Middle East Technical University). Departmant of Physical Education And Sport, Ankara.
  • Özdemir, N. (2018). Geleceğin Beden Eğitimi Öğretmenleri Sporda Kadının Yerini Nasıl Tanımlıyor?. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1), 119-124.
  • Özsoy, S. (2008). Türk Spor Medyasında Kadın. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4), 201-219.
  • Parker, C., Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball sampling. SAGE research methods foundations.
  • Pfister, G. (2010). Women İn Sport–Gender Relations And Future Perspectives. Sport İn Society, 13(2), 234-248. Rai, M. (2020). Participation of women in different sports problem and solutions. An unpublished M.ED Thesis, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, T.U., Kirtipur.
  • Schultz, J. (2021). Good enough? The ‘wicked’use of testosterone for defining femaleness in women’s sport. Sport in society, 24(4), 607-627.
  • Sekot, A. (2018). Sociological Perspective Of Sport. The Spark A Hec Recognized Journal, 2(1), 28-44. Sunay, H. (2020). Türkiye’de Antrenör Eğitim Programlarının Etkinliği (1994 Ve 2002 Farklı Yönetmeliklere Göre). Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 44-74.
  • Şallı, A. O., Küçük, V., & Amman, M. T. (2017). Sporda Baskın Cinsiyet Analizi (Türkiye Örneği). Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 154-165.
  • Tiryaki, S. (2014). Kadın Sporcu Fotoğraflarıyla Bedenin Pazarla (N) Ması. Selçuk İletişim, 8(2), 218-237.
  • Uğurlu, F. M. (2018). Sporda Cinsiyet Ayrımı. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Ltd. Şti..
  • Watts, D. S., & Stenner, D. P. (2005). Doing Q methodology: Theory, method and interpretation. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2, 67– 91.
  • Yaprak, P., & Amman, M. T. (2009). Sporda Kadinlar Ve Sorunlari. Turkiye Kick Boks Federasyonu Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 39-49.
  • Yenilmez, M. I. (2021). The Impact Of Media And Cultural Beliefs On Women’s Participation İn Sports İn Turkey: The Challenges Faced By Turkish Women İn Professional Sports. Sosyoekonomi, 29(48), 91-106.
  • Yeşilyurt Öztürk, C. (2022). Sponsorluk Çalışmalarında Cinsiyetçi Yaklaşımlar: Kadın Spor Takımları Örneği, Başkent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Yılmaz, A. & Ulaş, M. (2017). Kadınların Rekreatif Alanlarda Fiziksel Aktivite Yapma Amaçları ve Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 27 (3) , 101-117. DOI: 10.17644/sbd.296205
  • Yüksel, M. (2014). Cinsiyet Ve Spor. Tarih Okulu Dergisi, 7(19), 663-684.
  • Zabala, A., Sandbrook, C., & Mukherjee, N. (2018). When and how to use Q methodology to understand perspectives in conservation research. Conservation Biology, 32(5), 1185-1194

A Study on The Problems Faced by Women in Sports

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 11 - 24, 19.12.2023

Ahmet Yavuz Karafil Esin Kaplan

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the problems experienced by women in sports with the Q method. In the methodological model of the research, the Q method, which includes qualitative and quantitative research methods, was used. The study group consists of 25 female participants who were included in the study by snowball sampling method. The research data were analyzed using the PQ-Method 2.35 program developed for Q method research. Principal component analysis method was used in the data analysis process. As a result of the rotation process after the principal component analysis, it was seen that the participant opinions were grouped under two factors. Z scores showed which questions the participants grouped under two different factors scored higher. Participants were interviewed about the scores obtained from positive and negative quantitative data and the underlying reasons were examined. The factors that cause the problems experienced by women in sports can be listed as the negative social perspective adopted by the society against women who do sports, the misinterpretation of the clothes worn by women in the sports environment and the understanding of sports as a male activity.

Keywords

Gender Differences Sexism İn Sports Women İn Sport Women Problems İn Sport

References

  • Akkaya, C., & Kaplan, Y. (2014). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Bağlamında Spor Medyasında Kadın. International Journal Of Sport Culture And Science, 2(Special Issue 2), 177-182.
  • Albayrak, İ. (2019). Kadın Güreşçilerin Spor Hayatlarında Karşılaştıkları Zorlukların İncelenmesi, İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Antrenörlük Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, Spor Yönetimi Bilim Dalı,, İstanbul.
  • Arslan, B., & Koca, C. (2006). Kadın Sporcuların Yer Aldığı Günlük Gazete Haberlerinin Sunum Biçimine Dair Bir İnceleme. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 1-10.
  • Barlow, F. K., Vickers-Jones, R., Alba, B., Williamson, E., Hutton, V., Hutton, V., ... & Williamson, E. (2020). Sexism. In Multicultural Responsiveness in Counselling and Psychology: Working with Australian Populations (pp. 125-151). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Basmacı, G. (2020). İnternet Spor Gazeteciliğinde Kadin Bedeninin Temsili: Sporx Gazetesi. International Journal Of Social And Humanities Sciences, 4(1), 129-144.
  • Bowes, A. 2022. The gender politics of sex integrated sport. The case of professional golf. In G. Molnar and R. Bullingham. edited by, The Routledge handbook of gender politics in sport and physical activitypp. 160–69. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Dereli, E. (2005). Türkiye’de Sporda Kadın Erkek Ayrımcılığının Nedenleri, Marmara Universitesi, Sağlı Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Spor Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
  • Erikainen S. (2020). Gender verification and the making of the female body in sport: A history of the present. Routledge.
  • Farkhod, N., Adilkhakim, J., Ravshanjon, M., Alisher, S., Amangul, Y., Dilfuza, U., & Fozil, A. (2021). Gender Equalıty In Sport: Stages Of Women's Sport Development In Uzbekıstan. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 18(08), 1733-1747.
  • Fink, J. S. (2015). Female athletes, women's sport, and the sport media commercial complex: Have we really “come a long way, baby”?. Sport management review, 18(3), 331-342.
  • Gentile, A., Boca, S., & Giammusso, I. (2018). ‘You play like a Woman!’Effects of gender stereotype threat on Women's performance in physical and sport activities: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39, 95-103.
  • Heffernan CD (2019) Gender Allyship: Considering the role of men in addressing the gender-leadership gap in sport organizations. Proquest Information & Learning. Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/201034.
  • Hindman, L. C., & Walker, N. A. (2020). Sexism in professional sports: How women managers experience and survive sport organizational culture. Journal of Sport Management, 34(1), 64-76.
  • Homan, P. (2019). Structural sexism and health in the United States: A new perspective on health inequality and the gender system. American Sociological Review, 84(3), 486-516.
  • Koca C. (2020) Sporda toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği haritalama ve izleme çalışması 2018-2020 güncellemesi. Ceid Yayınları.
  • Orta, L. (2018). Sporda Cinsiyet Eşitliği. Journal Of Awareness, 3(5), 101-108.
  • Lasso Jiménez, A. (2022). Sport Is Not Neutral: A Comparison of Gender Inequalities in Colombian and American Women’s Basketball Leagues. The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research, 12(1), 9.
  • Lundberg, A., de Leeuw, R., & Aliani, R. (2020). Using Q methodology: Sorting out subjectivity in educational research. Educational research review, 31, 100361.
  • Messner, M. A. (2002). Taking the field: Women, men, and sports (Vol. 4). U of Minnesota Press. Narin, M. (2019). Elit Sporda Cinsel Taciz, Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Spor Yöneticiliği Anabilim Dalı, Sakarya.
  • Narin, M., Keskin, M. S., Kabamaklı, E., Yıldız, S., & Kolayiş, H. (2022). Ataerkil Sistemin Kadın Sporcular Üzerine Etkisi. Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 17-26.
  • Nas, T. (2022). Exercısıng Wıth A Personal Traıner: Clıents’aıms And Experıences (Master's Thesis, Middle East Technical University). Departmant of Physical Education And Sport, Ankara.
  • Özdemir, N. (2018). Geleceğin Beden Eğitimi Öğretmenleri Sporda Kadının Yerini Nasıl Tanımlıyor?. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1), 119-124.
  • Özsoy, S. (2008). Türk Spor Medyasında Kadın. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4), 201-219.
  • Parker, C., Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball sampling. SAGE research methods foundations.
  • Pfister, G. (2010). Women İn Sport–Gender Relations And Future Perspectives. Sport İn Society, 13(2), 234-248. Rai, M. (2020). Participation of women in different sports problem and solutions. An unpublished M.ED Thesis, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, T.U., Kirtipur.
  • Schultz, J. (2021). Good enough? The ‘wicked’use of testosterone for defining femaleness in women’s sport. Sport in society, 24(4), 607-627.
  • Sekot, A. (2018). Sociological Perspective Of Sport. The Spark A Hec Recognized Journal, 2(1), 28-44. Sunay, H. (2020). Türkiye’de Antrenör Eğitim Programlarının Etkinliği (1994 Ve 2002 Farklı Yönetmeliklere Göre). Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 44-74.
  • Şallı, A. O., Küçük, V., & Amman, M. T. (2017). Sporda Baskın Cinsiyet Analizi (Türkiye Örneği). Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 154-165.
  • Tiryaki, S. (2014). Kadın Sporcu Fotoğraflarıyla Bedenin Pazarla (N) Ması. Selçuk İletişim, 8(2), 218-237.
  • Uğurlu, F. M. (2018). Sporda Cinsiyet Ayrımı. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Ltd. Şti..
  • Watts, D. S., & Stenner, D. P. (2005). Doing Q methodology: Theory, method and interpretation. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2, 67– 91.
  • Yaprak, P., & Amman, M. T. (2009). Sporda Kadinlar Ve Sorunlari. Turkiye Kick Boks Federasyonu Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 39-49.
  • Yenilmez, M. I. (2021). The Impact Of Media And Cultural Beliefs On Women’s Participation İn Sports İn Turkey: The Challenges Faced By Turkish Women İn Professional Sports. Sosyoekonomi, 29(48), 91-106.
  • Yeşilyurt Öztürk, C. (2022). Sponsorluk Çalışmalarında Cinsiyetçi Yaklaşımlar: Kadın Spor Takımları Örneği, Başkent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Yılmaz, A. & Ulaş, M. (2017). Kadınların Rekreatif Alanlarda Fiziksel Aktivite Yapma Amaçları ve Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 27 (3) , 101-117. DOI: 10.17644/sbd.296205
  • Yüksel, M. (2014). Cinsiyet Ve Spor. Tarih Okulu Dergisi, 7(19), 663-684.
  • Zabala, A., Sandbrook, C., & Mukherjee, N. (2018). When and how to use Q methodology to understand perspectives in conservation research. Conservation Biology, 32(5), 1185-1194
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sport and Exercise Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ahmet Yavuz Karafil 0000-0002-1910-4673

Esin Kaplan 0000-0002-8417-1266

Early Pub Date November 21, 2023
Publication Date December 19, 2023
Submission Date November 2, 2023
Acceptance Date November 20, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karafil, A. Y., & Kaplan, E. (2023). A Study on The Problems Faced by Women in Sports. Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 11-24.
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