Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

ABD'nin Avrupa Enerji Pazarına Yönelik İzlediği Dış Politika: Kaya Gazı Devrimi ve Avrupa Pazarında Rus Hâkimiyetine Karşı LNG Hamlesi

Year 2019, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 2177 - 2202, 30.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.581534

Abstract

Bu makale, Avrupa gaz pazarının kapasitesini ve
Rusya'nın ana gaz tedarikçisi olduğunu göz önünde bulundurmak suretiyle, Avrupa
gaz pazarının halen gelişme sürecinde olan Kuzey Amerika gazı için henüz
yararlanılmamış bir kaynak olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, ABD ve
Rusya’nın enerji sektörü özelinde ilişkilerine jeopolitik çerçevede geniş ve
kapsamlı genel bir bakış sunmakta, diğer yandan hem ABD hem de Rusya’nın enerji
politikası için Avrupa enerji piyasasının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Makalede,
güvenlikleştirme teorisi ve enerji güvenliği kavramları çerçevesinde ABD’nin
dış politikasının analiz edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada yöntem olarak
ABD’nin bölgeye ilişkin enerji politikaları bölgeselcilik kavramı çerçevesinde
analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucu, ABD’nin Avrupa doğal gaz piyasalarındaki
çıkarının, yalnızca Avrupa’nın Rus doğal gazına olan bağımlılığını azaltma
konusunda ‘yardım etmenin’ ötesinde olduğunu, ABD’nin nihai dış politika
hedefinin Avrupa’nın önde gelen bir doğal gaz tedarikçisi olarak tebarüz etmek
olduğunu öngörmektedir. 

References

  • Anderson, S. et al. (2017), The America First Energy Policy of the Trump Administration, Journal of Energy & Natural Resource Law, 35(3), 221-270.
  • AP News. (2018), ‘Poland Says Russian Gas Pipeline is a ˈNew Hybrid Weapon’, https://apnews.com/eba0b8e4ba8e4a9b9b107cf166213508, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Belleli, J. (2013), The Shale gas 'Revolution' in the United States: Global Implications, Options for the EU, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/briefing_note/join/2013/491498/EXPO-AFET_SP%282013%29491498_EN.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2018).
  • Bureau of Energy Resource, U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/e/enr/, (Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2018).
  • Booth, K. (2007). Theory of World Security, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, B. et al. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Buzan, B. (1991). People, States and Fear: an Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-cold War Era, Second Edition, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • Buzan, B. and Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Centre on Global Energy Policy. (2018), U.S. Energy Diplomacy, https://energypolicy.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/pictures/CGEPUSEnergyDiplomacy218.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2019).
  • Cikovic, H. (2008), The Analysis of the Influence of Energy Security on Foreign and Security Policy of the Republic of Poland, Croatian International Relations Review, July-December, s.119-128.
  • Dziggel, O. C. (2016). The Reagan Pipeline Sanctions: Implications for U.S. Domestic Policy and the Future of International Law, Townson University Journal of International Affairs, 11(2), 129-154.
  • Emmort, R. and J. Strupczewski. (2014), Obama Tells EU to Do More to Cut Reliance on Russian Gas, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-eu-summit/obama-tells-eu-to-do-more-to-cut-reliance-on-russian-gas-idUSBREA2P0W220140326, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Energy Institute. (2015), A Guide to Shale Gas, https://knowledge.energyinst.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/124544/Energy-Essentials-Shale-Gas-Guide.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2019).
  • Études de l’Ifri. (2016), The U.S. Natural Gas Exports, New Rules on the European Gas Landscape, https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/etude_cornot_gaz_naturel_en_europe_en_okdb_complet-reduit_ok.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.04.2019).
  • European Commission, Liquefied Natural Gas. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/oil-gas-and-coal/liquefied-natural-gas-lng, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2018).
  • European Commission. (2017), Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) amending Regulation (EU) No 347/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the Union List of Projects of Common Interests, https://ec.europa.eu/inea/sites/inea/files/annex_to_pci_list_final_2017_en.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • European Commission. (2018), EU-U.S. Joint Statement of 25 July: European Union imports of U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) are on the rise, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4920_en.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • European Parliament. (2017), Europe’s Increasing Need for Gas Supply Security (Infographic), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20170911STO83502/europe-s-increasing-need-for-gas-supply-security-infographic, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • European Statistical Office. (2018), EU Imports of Energy Products – Recent Developments, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/46126.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • European Policy Center. (2016), Lost in Transition? US Foreign Policy from Obama to Trump, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/148908712.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2019).
  • European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs. (2018), Energy as a Tool of Foreign Policy of Authoritarian States, in Particular Russia, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/603868/EXPO_STU(2018)603868_EN.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2019).
  • Floyd, R. (2007). Human Security and the Copenhagen School’s Securitization Approach: Conceptualizing Human Security as a Securitizing Move, Human Security Journal, 5(Winter), 38-49.
  • Garden, R. (2018), Remarks by President Trump and President Juncker of the European Commission in Joint Press Statements, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-president-juncker-european-commission-joint-press-statements/, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Gardner, T. (2018), Trump’s 'Energy Dominance' Strategy is Undercutting Russia’s Influence and Business in Europe, http://uk.businessinsider.com/trumps-energy-dominance-undercutting-russias-influence-in-europe-2018-2?r=US&IR=T, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Gorst, E. (2004), The Energy Dimension in Russian Global Strategy: Russian Pipeline Strategies: Business versus Politics, https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/91482/russian-pipeline-strategies-business-versus-politics.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2019).
  • Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. (2018), What Is Shale Gas, How Is It Extracted Through Fracking and What are Fracking’s Impacts?, http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/shale-gas-extracted-fracking-frackings-impacts/, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.03.2019).
  • International Association for Energy Economics. (2017), The Evolution of the Energy Security Concept and APEX Energy Cooperation, https://www.iaee.org/en/publications/newsletterdl.aspx?id=429 , (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2019).
  • Istituto Affari Internazionali. (2015), European Energy Security Challenges and Global Energy Trends: Old Wine in New Bottles?, http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaiwp1503.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2019).
  • Jaffe, A. M. (2018), Will Energy Be Part of the U.S.-Russia Helsinki Summit. Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/blog/will-energy-be-part-us-russia-helsinki-summit, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Khruscheva, O. and T. Maltby (2016). The Future of EU-Russia Energy Relations in the Context of Decarbonisation, Geopolitics Journal, 21(4), 799-830.
  • INEA, Innovation and Networks Executive Agency. (2018), Connecting Europe Facility, https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/connecting-europe-facility, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • International Energy Agency, Energy Security, https://www.iea.org/topics/energysecurity/, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • King & Spalding. (2018), An Overview of LNG Import Terminals in Europe, https://www.kslaw.com/attachments/000/006/010/original/LNG_in_Europe_2018_-_An_Overview_of_LNG_Import_Terminals_in_Europe.pdf?1530031152, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Lo, B. (2015), Russia and the New World Disorder, London: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Loskot-Strachota, A. (2016), ‘Nord Stream 2: Policy Dilemmas and the Future of EU Gas Market’, https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2378856/3/NUPI_Policy_Brief_2_Loskot_Strachota.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2019).
  • Lossan, A. (2015), ‘Russian Historian: Importance of Lend-Lease Cannot be Overestimated’, https://www.rbth.com/business/2015/05/08/allies_gave_soviets_130_billion_under_lend-lease_45879.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Macit, F. and H. Rehm. (2014), ‘The U.S. Shale Gas Revolution and Perspective for LNG Exports’, https://www.academia.edu/10275936/The_US_Shale_Gas_Revolution_and_Perspectives_for_LNG_Exports, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Metzel, M. (2018), Energy May Become Driving Force for Russia-US Ties, http://tass.com/economy/1011071, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2018).
  • Nuttall, W. J. (2017), Energy and the Military: Convergence of Security, Economic, and Environmental Decision-Making. Energy Policy Research Group, https://www.eprg.group.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/1717-Text.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2019).
  • Nyman, J. (2018). Rethinking Energy, Climate and Security: a Critical Analysis of Energy Security in the United States, Journal of International Relations and Development, 21(1), 118-145.
  • Perovic, J. (Ed.) (2017), Cold War Energy: A Transnational History of Soviet Oil and Gas, London: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Poland at Sea Maritime Magazine. (2018), ‘24-year Contract with Cheniere Signed – Deliveries of American LNG to Poland Will Commence in 2019’, http://www.polandatsea.com/24-year-contract-with-cheniere-signed-deliveries-of-american-lng-to-poland-will-commence-in-2019/, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.02.2018).
  • Polish Oil and Gas Company (PGNiG). (2018), ‘Gas Consumption in Poland is on the Rise. Share of Gas Purchased from Russia is in Decline, While Imports of LNG Have Grown’, http://en.pgnig.pl/news/-/news-list/id/gas-consumption-in-poland-is-on-the-rise-share-of-gas-purchased-from-russia-is-in-decline-while-imports-of-lng-have-grown/newsGroupId/1910852, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2018).
  • Rapier, R. (2018), ‘The U.S. Is Still The Global Natural Gas King’, https://www.forbes.com/sites/rrapier/2018/07/29/the-u-s-is-still-the-global-natural-gas-king/#6928ed16f902, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2018).
  • Safarov, A. et al. (2018), ‘Russia-Ukraine Gas Dispute: Is Europe Under Threat’, https://www.dw.com/en/russia-ukraine-gas-dispute-is-europe-under-threat/a-42912675, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.02.2018).
  • Shiryaevskaya, A. (2018), ‘U.S. LNG Gets a Big Cheer in One of Russia’s Small Neighbours’, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-19/u-s-lng-gets-a-big-cheer-in-one-of-russia-s-smaller-neighbors, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2018).
  • Smith, K. C. (2008), Russia and European Energy Security: Divide and Dominate, Washington DC: Centre for Strategic and International Studies.Squeglia, C. and R. Matarazzo. (2015), ‘The US-EU Energy Trade Dilemma’, http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaiwp1528.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2019).
  • Stevens, P. (2010), ‘The 'Shale Gas Revolution': Hype and Reality’, https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Energy%2C%20Environment%20and%20Development/r_0910stevens.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.03.2019).
  • U.S. Code. ‘The Natural Gas Act. Exportation or Importation of Natural Gas; LNG terminals. 15 U.S. Code § 717b.’ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/717b, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • The White House Office of the Press Secretary. (2012), ‘Remarks by the President on American-Made Energy’, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/03/22/remarks-president-american-made-energy, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • UNIAN Information Agency. (2018), U.S. Urges Russia not to Use Gas as Political Weapon against Ukraine, https://www.unian.info/politics/10029284-u-s-urges-russia-not-to-use-gas-as-political-weapon-against-ukraine.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2018).
  • U.S. Department of the Army, ‘Energy Security & Sustainability (ES2) Strategy’, https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/394128.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018).
  • U.S. Department of State. ‘Highlights in the History of U.S. Relations With Russia, 1780-2006’, https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/rs/200years/c30273.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2018).
  • U.S. Department of State (b). (2010), ‘Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. 95/06/20 Fact Sheet’, http://www.channelingreality.com/Clinton_Gore/95_06_20_Gore-Chernomyrdin_1994_Moscow.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2018).
  • U.S. Department of State (c). (2002), ‘Development of the US-Russian Energy Dialogue’, https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2002/15433.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2018).
  • U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2018), ‘The United States Exported more Natural Gas than it Imported in 2017’, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=35392, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2018).
  • U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2017), ‘Appalachia Region Drives Growth in U.S. Natural Gas Production Since 2012’, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=33972#tab1, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2018).
  • U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2016), ‘United States Remains Largest Producer of Petroleum and Natural Gas Hydrocarbons’, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=26352, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2018).
  • U.S. Presidency. (2017), ‘National Security Strategy of the United States of America (2017)’, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • Walt, S. M. (1991). The Renaissance of Security Studies, International Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 211–239.
  • Williams, M. C. (2003). Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics, The International Studies Association, 47(4), 511-531.
  • Yergin, D. (1988), Ensuring Energy Security in the 1990s, Foreign Affairs, 67(1), 110-132.
  • Washington Post. (2006), ‘Bush Delivers Speech on Renewable Fuel Sources’, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/25/AR2006042500762.html??noredirect=on, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2018).

Foreign Policy Followed by the U.S. in The European Energy Market: Shale Gas Revolution and LNG Thrust Against The Russian Dominance

Year 2019, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 2177 - 2202, 30.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.581534

Abstract

Considering
the capacity of the European gas market and that Russia is the main gas
supplier; this paper reveals that the European gas market remains an unused
resource for the North American gas, which is still in the development process
.
The study provides a broad and extensive general viewpoint to the U.S. and
Russian relationships specific to the energy sector within a geopolitical
framework and also emphasizes the importance of the European energy market for
the energy politics of both U.S. and Russia. In the paper, it is aimed to
analyze the U.S. foreign policy within the frame of the concepts of
securitization theory and energy security. As a method in the study, energy
policies of the U.S. concerning the region were analyzed within the frame of
the concept of regionalism. The study results anticipate that the U.S.’
interest in the European natural gas markets is beyond ‘assisting’ in just
reducing the Europe’s dependence on the Russian natural gas and the ultimate
foreign policy goal of the U.S. is to be a prominent natural gas supplier of
Europe.  

References

  • Anderson, S. et al. (2017), The America First Energy Policy of the Trump Administration, Journal of Energy & Natural Resource Law, 35(3), 221-270.
  • AP News. (2018), ‘Poland Says Russian Gas Pipeline is a ˈNew Hybrid Weapon’, https://apnews.com/eba0b8e4ba8e4a9b9b107cf166213508, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Belleli, J. (2013), The Shale gas 'Revolution' in the United States: Global Implications, Options for the EU, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/briefing_note/join/2013/491498/EXPO-AFET_SP%282013%29491498_EN.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2018).
  • Bureau of Energy Resource, U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/e/enr/, (Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2018).
  • Booth, K. (2007). Theory of World Security, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, B. et al. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Buzan, B. (1991). People, States and Fear: an Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-cold War Era, Second Edition, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • Buzan, B. and Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Centre on Global Energy Policy. (2018), U.S. Energy Diplomacy, https://energypolicy.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/pictures/CGEPUSEnergyDiplomacy218.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2019).
  • Cikovic, H. (2008), The Analysis of the Influence of Energy Security on Foreign and Security Policy of the Republic of Poland, Croatian International Relations Review, July-December, s.119-128.
  • Dziggel, O. C. (2016). The Reagan Pipeline Sanctions: Implications for U.S. Domestic Policy and the Future of International Law, Townson University Journal of International Affairs, 11(2), 129-154.
  • Emmort, R. and J. Strupczewski. (2014), Obama Tells EU to Do More to Cut Reliance on Russian Gas, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-eu-summit/obama-tells-eu-to-do-more-to-cut-reliance-on-russian-gas-idUSBREA2P0W220140326, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Energy Institute. (2015), A Guide to Shale Gas, https://knowledge.energyinst.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/124544/Energy-Essentials-Shale-Gas-Guide.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2019).
  • Études de l’Ifri. (2016), The U.S. Natural Gas Exports, New Rules on the European Gas Landscape, https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/etude_cornot_gaz_naturel_en_europe_en_okdb_complet-reduit_ok.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.04.2019).
  • European Commission, Liquefied Natural Gas. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/oil-gas-and-coal/liquefied-natural-gas-lng, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2018).
  • European Commission. (2017), Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) amending Regulation (EU) No 347/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the Union List of Projects of Common Interests, https://ec.europa.eu/inea/sites/inea/files/annex_to_pci_list_final_2017_en.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • European Commission. (2018), EU-U.S. Joint Statement of 25 July: European Union imports of U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) are on the rise, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4920_en.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • European Parliament. (2017), Europe’s Increasing Need for Gas Supply Security (Infographic), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20170911STO83502/europe-s-increasing-need-for-gas-supply-security-infographic, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • European Statistical Office. (2018), EU Imports of Energy Products – Recent Developments, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/46126.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • European Policy Center. (2016), Lost in Transition? US Foreign Policy from Obama to Trump, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/148908712.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2019).
  • European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs. (2018), Energy as a Tool of Foreign Policy of Authoritarian States, in Particular Russia, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/603868/EXPO_STU(2018)603868_EN.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2019).
  • Floyd, R. (2007). Human Security and the Copenhagen School’s Securitization Approach: Conceptualizing Human Security as a Securitizing Move, Human Security Journal, 5(Winter), 38-49.
  • Garden, R. (2018), Remarks by President Trump and President Juncker of the European Commission in Joint Press Statements, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-president-juncker-european-commission-joint-press-statements/, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Gardner, T. (2018), Trump’s 'Energy Dominance' Strategy is Undercutting Russia’s Influence and Business in Europe, http://uk.businessinsider.com/trumps-energy-dominance-undercutting-russias-influence-in-europe-2018-2?r=US&IR=T, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Gorst, E. (2004), The Energy Dimension in Russian Global Strategy: Russian Pipeline Strategies: Business versus Politics, https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/91482/russian-pipeline-strategies-business-versus-politics.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2019).
  • Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. (2018), What Is Shale Gas, How Is It Extracted Through Fracking and What are Fracking’s Impacts?, http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/shale-gas-extracted-fracking-frackings-impacts/, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.03.2019).
  • International Association for Energy Economics. (2017), The Evolution of the Energy Security Concept and APEX Energy Cooperation, https://www.iaee.org/en/publications/newsletterdl.aspx?id=429 , (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2019).
  • Istituto Affari Internazionali. (2015), European Energy Security Challenges and Global Energy Trends: Old Wine in New Bottles?, http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaiwp1503.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2019).
  • Jaffe, A. M. (2018), Will Energy Be Part of the U.S.-Russia Helsinki Summit. Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/blog/will-energy-be-part-us-russia-helsinki-summit, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Khruscheva, O. and T. Maltby (2016). The Future of EU-Russia Energy Relations in the Context of Decarbonisation, Geopolitics Journal, 21(4), 799-830.
  • INEA, Innovation and Networks Executive Agency. (2018), Connecting Europe Facility, https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/connecting-europe-facility, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • International Energy Agency, Energy Security, https://www.iea.org/topics/energysecurity/, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • King & Spalding. (2018), An Overview of LNG Import Terminals in Europe, https://www.kslaw.com/attachments/000/006/010/original/LNG_in_Europe_2018_-_An_Overview_of_LNG_Import_Terminals_in_Europe.pdf?1530031152, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Lo, B. (2015), Russia and the New World Disorder, London: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Loskot-Strachota, A. (2016), ‘Nord Stream 2: Policy Dilemmas and the Future of EU Gas Market’, https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2378856/3/NUPI_Policy_Brief_2_Loskot_Strachota.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2019).
  • Lossan, A. (2015), ‘Russian Historian: Importance of Lend-Lease Cannot be Overestimated’, https://www.rbth.com/business/2015/05/08/allies_gave_soviets_130_billion_under_lend-lease_45879.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Macit, F. and H. Rehm. (2014), ‘The U.S. Shale Gas Revolution and Perspective for LNG Exports’, https://www.academia.edu/10275936/The_US_Shale_Gas_Revolution_and_Perspectives_for_LNG_Exports, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2018).
  • Metzel, M. (2018), Energy May Become Driving Force for Russia-US Ties, http://tass.com/economy/1011071, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2018).
  • Nuttall, W. J. (2017), Energy and the Military: Convergence of Security, Economic, and Environmental Decision-Making. Energy Policy Research Group, https://www.eprg.group.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/1717-Text.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2019).
  • Nyman, J. (2018). Rethinking Energy, Climate and Security: a Critical Analysis of Energy Security in the United States, Journal of International Relations and Development, 21(1), 118-145.
  • Perovic, J. (Ed.) (2017), Cold War Energy: A Transnational History of Soviet Oil and Gas, London: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Poland at Sea Maritime Magazine. (2018), ‘24-year Contract with Cheniere Signed – Deliveries of American LNG to Poland Will Commence in 2019’, http://www.polandatsea.com/24-year-contract-with-cheniere-signed-deliveries-of-american-lng-to-poland-will-commence-in-2019/, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.02.2018).
  • Polish Oil and Gas Company (PGNiG). (2018), ‘Gas Consumption in Poland is on the Rise. Share of Gas Purchased from Russia is in Decline, While Imports of LNG Have Grown’, http://en.pgnig.pl/news/-/news-list/id/gas-consumption-in-poland-is-on-the-rise-share-of-gas-purchased-from-russia-is-in-decline-while-imports-of-lng-have-grown/newsGroupId/1910852, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2018).
  • Rapier, R. (2018), ‘The U.S. Is Still The Global Natural Gas King’, https://www.forbes.com/sites/rrapier/2018/07/29/the-u-s-is-still-the-global-natural-gas-king/#6928ed16f902, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2018).
  • Safarov, A. et al. (2018), ‘Russia-Ukraine Gas Dispute: Is Europe Under Threat’, https://www.dw.com/en/russia-ukraine-gas-dispute-is-europe-under-threat/a-42912675, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.02.2018).
  • Shiryaevskaya, A. (2018), ‘U.S. LNG Gets a Big Cheer in One of Russia’s Small Neighbours’, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-19/u-s-lng-gets-a-big-cheer-in-one-of-russia-s-smaller-neighbors, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2018).
  • Smith, K. C. (2008), Russia and European Energy Security: Divide and Dominate, Washington DC: Centre for Strategic and International Studies.Squeglia, C. and R. Matarazzo. (2015), ‘The US-EU Energy Trade Dilemma’, http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaiwp1528.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2019).
  • Stevens, P. (2010), ‘The 'Shale Gas Revolution': Hype and Reality’, https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Energy%2C%20Environment%20and%20Development/r_0910stevens.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.03.2019).
  • U.S. Code. ‘The Natural Gas Act. Exportation or Importation of Natural Gas; LNG terminals. 15 U.S. Code § 717b.’ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/717b, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • The White House Office of the Press Secretary. (2012), ‘Remarks by the President on American-Made Energy’, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/03/22/remarks-president-american-made-energy, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • UNIAN Information Agency. (2018), U.S. Urges Russia not to Use Gas as Political Weapon against Ukraine, https://www.unian.info/politics/10029284-u-s-urges-russia-not-to-use-gas-as-political-weapon-against-ukraine.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2018).
  • U.S. Department of the Army, ‘Energy Security & Sustainability (ES2) Strategy’, https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/394128.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018).
  • U.S. Department of State. ‘Highlights in the History of U.S. Relations With Russia, 1780-2006’, https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/rs/200years/c30273.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2018).
  • U.S. Department of State (b). (2010), ‘Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. 95/06/20 Fact Sheet’, http://www.channelingreality.com/Clinton_Gore/95_06_20_Gore-Chernomyrdin_1994_Moscow.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2018).
  • U.S. Department of State (c). (2002), ‘Development of the US-Russian Energy Dialogue’, https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2002/15433.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2018).
  • U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2018), ‘The United States Exported more Natural Gas than it Imported in 2017’, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=35392, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2018).
  • U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2017), ‘Appalachia Region Drives Growth in U.S. Natural Gas Production Since 2012’, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=33972#tab1, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2018).
  • U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2016), ‘United States Remains Largest Producer of Petroleum and Natural Gas Hydrocarbons’, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=26352, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2018).
  • U.S. Presidency. (2017), ‘National Security Strategy of the United States of America (2017)’, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2018).
  • Walt, S. M. (1991). The Renaissance of Security Studies, International Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 211–239.
  • Williams, M. C. (2003). Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics, The International Studies Association, 47(4), 511-531.
  • Yergin, D. (1988), Ensuring Energy Security in the 1990s, Foreign Affairs, 67(1), 110-132.
  • Washington Post. (2006), ‘Bush Delivers Speech on Renewable Fuel Sources’, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/25/AR2006042500762.html??noredirect=on, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2018).
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Efe Sıvış

Publication Date September 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sıvış, E. (2019). ABD’nin Avrupa Enerji Pazarına Yönelik İzlediği Dış Politika: Kaya Gazı Devrimi ve Avrupa Pazarında Rus Hâkimiyetine Karşı LNG Hamlesi. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(3), 2177-2202. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.581534

Journal of the Human and Social Science Researches is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).