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Evaluation of Traumatic Brain Injury Risk in Athletes: A Neuropsychological Investigation in Active Boxers

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 30 - 42, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.1325989

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the risk of traumatic brain injury by comparing data obtained from elite active boxers and healthy individuals through the application of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and the Trail Making Test, which are sensitive to brain damage, as well as the Verbal and Nonverbal Cancellation Test, which is sensitive to the right parietal lobe. The study is conducted with eight male boxers with an average age of 19.3±2.60 years, who had an average of 7.25±3.41 years of active boxing experience, and ten healthy males with an average age of 19.7±1.05 years, who had no involvement in any combat sport. The Kruskal-Wallis Test was employed to investigate the difference between the groups based on the data obtained from the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and the Trail Making Test, while the Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate the difference between the groups in the data from the Verbal and Nonverbal Cancellation Test. Upon evaluating the results of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the control group scored significantly higher on the SDMT-1, SDMT-2, and SDMT-3 than the boxers. The results of the Trail Making Test showed that the control group completed the TMT1-A, TMT1-B, TMT2-A, and TMT2-B forms faster than the boxers, but the differences in these times were not statistically significant. In the context of neuropsychological tests, active boxers exhibited lower neurocognitive performance compared to healthy individuals

References

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  • Echemendia, R. J., Putukian, M., Mackin, R. S., Julian, L., & Shoss, N. (2001). Neuropsychological test performance prior to and following sports-related mild traumatic brain injury. Clinical journal of sport medicine. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 11(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200101000-00005
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  • Hinton-Bayre, A. D., Geffen, G.M., Geffen, L.B., McFarland, K.A., & Friis, P. (1999). Concussion in contact sports: Reliable change indices of impairment and recovery. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.21.1.70.945
  • İnce, F. (2011). Migren profilaksisinde topiramat, propranolol ve flunarizin kullanımının vep (Görsel Uyarılmış Potansiyeller) ve işaretleme testi üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırılması [Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi].
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Sporcularda Travmatik Beyin Hasarı Riskinin Değerlendirilmesi: Aktif Boksörlerde Nöropsikolojik Bir İnceleme

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 30 - 42, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.1325989

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı beyin hasarına duyarlı Symbol Digit Modalities Test ve Trail Making Test ile sağ parietal lob üzerinde duyarlı Verbal and Nonverbal Cancellation Test dahilinde elit aktif boksörlerden elde edilecek olan verilerin sağlıklı bireyler ile karşılaştırılması sonucu travmatik beyin hasarı açısından değerlendirmeye çalışmaktır. Çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 19,3±2,60 yıl olan, ortalama 7,25±3,41 yıl aktif boks yaşam süresine sahip 8 erkek boksör ile yaş ortalaması 19,7±1,05 yıl olan ve herhangi bir mücadele sporu ile ilgilenmemiş 10 sağlıklı erkek dahil edilmiştir. Symbol Digit Modalities Test ve Trail Making Test kapsamında elde edilen verilerde, gruplar arasında oluşan farkı incelemek için Kruskal-Wallis Testi, Verbal and Nonverbal Cancellation Test verilerinde ise gruplar arasındaki farkı değerlendirmek amacıyla Mann-Whitney U testi uygulanmıştır. Symbol Digit Modalities Test sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde kontrollerin; SDMT-1, SDMT-2 ve SDMT-3 başarı puanlarının boksörlerden anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Trail Making Test sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde kontrollerin; TMT1-A, TMT1-B, TMT2-A ve TMT2-B formlarını boksörlerden daha kısa sürede tamamladığı, fakat oluşan bu süre farklarının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Verbal and Nonverbal Cancellation Test sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde ise kontrol grubunun; genel itibariyle boksörlerden daha fazla başarı gösterdiği, fakat oluşan bu başarı düzeylerinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı seviyede olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Nöropsikolojik testler kapsamında aktif boksörler, sağlıklı bireylere göre daha düşük nörobilişsel performans sergilemiştir. Bu durum nörobilişsel işleyiş açısından bir eksiklik olarak değerlendirilebilir.

References

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  • Boll, T. J., Berent, S., & Richards, H. (1977). Tactile-perceptual functioning as a factor in general psychological abilities. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 535-539. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.535
  • Brett, B., Nader, A., Kerr, Z., Chandran, A., Walton, S., DeFreese, J., . . . McCrea, M. (2022). Disparate Associations of Years of Football Participation and a Metric of Head Impact Exposure with Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Former Collegiate Football Players. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 28(1), 22-34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617721000047
  • British Medical Association. (1993). The boxing debate. Chameleon Press.
  • British Medical Association. (2007). Board of Science Working Party on Boxing. Second Report. www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content/BoxingPU
  • Çemç, M. S. (2023). Elit boksörlerin travmatik beyin hasarı riskinin incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Collins, M. W., Grindel, S. H., Lovell, M. R., Dede, D. E., Moser, D. J., Phalin, B. R., Nogle, S., … McKeag, D. B. (1999). Relationship between concussion and neuropsychological performance in college football players. JAMA, 282(10), 964–970. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.10.964
  • Draper, K., & Ponsford, J. (2008). Cognitive functioning ten years following traumatic brain injury and rehabilitation. Neuropsychology, 22(5), 618–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.22.5.618
  • Dymowski, A. R., Owens, J. A., Ponsford, J. L., & Willmott, C. (2015). Speed of processing and strategic control of attention after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37(10), 1024–1035. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2015.1074663
  • Echemendia, R. J., Putukian, M., Mackin, R. S., Julian, L., & Shoss, N. (2001). Neuropsychological test performance prior to and following sports-related mild traumatic brain injury. Clinical journal of sport medicine. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 11(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200101000-00005
  • Erik, J. T., Matser, A. G. H., Muriel, D., Lezak, J. T., & Barry, D. J. (2000) Acute Traumatic Brain Injury in Amateur Boxing. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 28(1), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2000.01.645
  • Gabbard, C., & Hart, S. (1996). A question of foot dominance. Journal of General Psychology, 123(4), 289-297.
  • Geldmacher, D. S., & Hills, E. C. (1997). Effect of stimulus number, target-to-distractor ratio, and motor speed on visual spatial search quality following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 11(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990597123818
  • Guskiewicz, K. M., Riemann, B. L., Perrin, D. H., & Nashner, L. M. (1997). Alternative approaches to the assessment of mild head injury in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(7 Suppl), S213–S221. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199707001-00003
  • Guskiewicz, K. M., Ross, S. E., & Marshall, S. W. (2001). Postural Stability and Neuropsychological Deficits After Concussion in Collegiate Athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 36(3), 263–273.
  • Healy, W., & Fernald, G. M. (1911). Tests for practical mental classification. The Psychological Monographs, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093055
  • Hills, E. C., & Geldmacher, D. S. (1998). The effect of character and array type on visual spatial search quality following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 12(1), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990598122872
  • Hinton-Bayre, A. D., Geffen, G.M., Geffen, L.B., McFarland, K.A., & Friis, P. (1999). Concussion in contact sports: Reliable change indices of impairment and recovery. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.21.1.70.945
  • İnce, F. (2011). Migren profilaksisinde topiramat, propranolol ve flunarizin kullanımının vep (Görsel Uyarılmış Potansiyeller) ve işaretleme testi üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırılması [Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi].
  • Jaffe, K. M., Fay, G. C., Polissar, N. L., Martin, K. M., Shurtleff, H. A., & Rivara, J. M. (1993). Severity of pediatric traumatic brain injury and neurobehavioral recovery at one year: a cohort study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 74, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9993(93)90156-5
  • Jordan, B., Matser, J., & Zazula, T. (1996). Sparring and cognitive functioning in professional boxers. Phys Sportsmed, 24(5), 87-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1996.11947957
  • Karakaş, S., Eski, R., & Başar, E. (1996). Türk Kültürü için standardizasyonu yapılması bir nöropsikolojik testler topluluğu: BiLNOT Bataryası. 32. Ulusal Nöroloji Kongresi Kitabı. Ufuk Matbaası.
  • Landrø, N. I., Celius, E. G., & Sletvold, H. (2004). Depressive symptoms account for deficient information processing speed but not for impaired working memory in early phase multiple sclerosis (MS). Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 217(2), 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2003.10.012
  • Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment. Oup USA.
  • Macciocchi, S. N., Barth Jeffrey, T., Alves, W., Rimel, R. W., & Jane, J. A. (1996) Neuropsychological Functioning and Recovery after Mild Head Injury in Collegiate Athletes. Neurosurgery 39(3), 510-514, September. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199609000-00014
  • Matier, K., Wolf, L. E., Halperin, J. M. (1994). The psychometric properties and clinical utility of a cancellation test in children. Dev Neuropsychol, 10, 165-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565649409540575
  • Matser, J., Bijl, M., & Luytelaar, G. (1992). Is amateur boxing dangerous?. De Psycholoog, 12, 515-521.
  • Matser, J., Kessels, A., & Jordan, B., (1998). Chronic traumatic brain injury in professional soccer players. Neurology, 51(3), 791-796. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.51.3.791
  • McCrory, P. (2002). Boxing and the brain. Br J Sports Med, 36, 2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.1.2
  • Michael, G. A., Masson, M., Robert, E., Bacon, E., Desert, J. F., Rhein, F., … Colliot, P. (2014). Disturbances of selective attention in traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia: What is common and what is different?. Psychologie Française. 60, 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psfr.2014.08.002
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There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Science and Exercise (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Muhammed Sıddık Çemç 0000-0001-5442-0869

Hasan Hüseyin Yılmaz 0000-0003-1994-7731

Murat Kaldırımcı 0000-0002-4285-7307

Early Pub Date August 30, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date July 11, 2023
Acceptance Date August 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çemç, M. S., Yılmaz, H. H., & Kaldırımcı, M. (2023). Evaluation of Traumatic Brain Injury Risk in Athletes: A Neuropsychological Investigation in Active Boxers. Uluslararası Egzersiz Psikolojisi Dergisi, 5(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.1325989