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Bilişsel Esneklik Envanterinin Sporcular için Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 221 - 240, 25.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.31680/gaunjss.1341783

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, optimal performans aralığını yakalamak adına bilişsel esnekliğin ölçümü için Dennis ve Wal (2010) tarafından geliştirilen ve Türkçe uyarlama çalışması Sapmaz ve Doğan (2013) tarafından yapılan Bilişsel Esneklik Envanterinin spor ortamında geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmasını yapmaktır. Bu kapsamda araştırma 3 aşamalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde, envanterin yapısını ortaya koymak adına açımlayıcı faktör analizi ve elde edilen yapının doğrulanması adına ikinci aşamada doğrulayıcı faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Yapısı ortaya konulan ve doğrulanan envanterin üçüncü aşamasında ise güvenirliğini belirlemek adına Cronbach Alpha katsayıları ve test tekrar test yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde, AFA analizi sonucunda envanterin orijinal envanter ile aynı yapıya sahip olduğu ve 2 faktör altında toplandığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu iki faktörün varyansın yaklaşık %50,060’ını açıkladığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen yapının doğrulanması adına yapılan doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçlarında uyum iyiliği indeks değerleri, x2/sd(x2=473,568, sd=168)=2,81, RMSEA=0,074, SRMR=0,061, GFI=0,91, CFI=0,90 olarak belirlenmiştir. Envanterin Cronbach Alpha değerlerinin, 0,87 ile 0,91 arasında değiştiği, test tekrar test korelasyon katsayılarının incelendiğinde ise, alt boyutlar arasında pozitif yönde güçlü düzeyde ilişkiler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; 20 madde ve 2 alt boyuttan oluşan Sporcu Bilişsel Esneklik Envanterinin sporcular için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğu söylenebilir.

References

  • Altunkol F. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklikleri ile algılanan stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Bilgin M. (2009). Bilişsel esnekliği yordayan bazı değişkenler. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(3), 142-157.
  • Byrne B. M. (2010). Testing for the factorial validity of a theoretical construct. Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming, 74-82.
  • Cartwright K. B. (Ed.). (2008). Literacy processes: Cognitive flexibility in learning and teaching. New York: Guilford.
  • Cohen J. (1992). Statistical Power Analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(3), 98-101.
  • Cousins L. A., Tomlinson, R. M., Cohen, L. L., McMurtry, C. M. (2016). The power of optimism: Applying a positive psychology framework to pediatric pain. Pediatric Pain Letter, 18(1), 1-5.
  • Crowe S. (1998). The differential contribution of mental tracking, cognitive flexibility, visual search, and motor speed to performance on Parts A and B of the Trail Making Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(5), 585-591.
  • Çuhadaroğlu A. (2013). Bilişsel esnekliğin yordayıcıları. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education. 2(1). 2147-1606.
  • De Vellis R. (2017). Scale development. Theory and applications (4. Baskı). Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Dennis J., Vander Wal, J.S. (2010). The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory: Instrument Development and Estimates of Reliability and Validity. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 34(3), 241-253.
  • Diril A. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklik düzeylerinin sosyodemografik değişkenler ve öfke düzeyi ile öfke ifade tarzları arasındaki ilişki açısından incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Doğan-Laçin B. G., Yalçın, İ. (2018). Predictive roles of self-efficacy and coping strategies in cognitive flexibility among university students. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 34(2), 358-371.
  • Fabrigar L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299.
  • Feldman G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., Laurenceau, J. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177-190.
  • Fornell C., Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • Frewen P. (2008). Letting Go: Mindfulness and Negative Automatic Thinking. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 32(6), 758-774.
  • George D., Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. New York: Routledge.
  • Gülsoy H., Erhan, S. E., Sevinç, K. (2022). Bilişsel Esneklik ve Spor. Spor Bilimlerinde Betimsel Metinler, 111-124. Gülüm İ. V., Dağ, İ., (2012). Tekrarlayıcı Düşünme Ölçeği ve Bilişsel Esneklik Envanterinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması, Geçerliliği ve Güvenirliği, Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(3), 216-223.
  • Gündüz, B. (2013). Bağlanma stilleri, akılcı olmayan inançlar ve psikolojik belirtilerin bilişsel esnekliği yordamadaki katkıları. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri,13(4), 2071-2085.
  • Hair J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. (5.th Ed). Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Han D. H., Park, H. W., Kee, B. S., Na, C., Na, D. H. E., Zaichkowsky, L. (2011). Performance enhancement with low stress and anxiety modulated by cognitive flexibility. Psychiatry investigation, 8(3), 221-226.
  • Hirt E. R., Devers, E. E., McCrea, S. M. (2008). I want to be creative: Exploring the role of hedonic contingency theory in the positive mood-cognitive flexibility link. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 214-230.
  • Kline RB. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Press, New York.
  • Lin Y, W. (2013). The effects of cognitive flexibility and openness to change on college students’ academic performance. Unpublished doctorate thesis. La Sierra University. UMI Number: 3572671.
  • Martin M. M., Anderson, C. M., Thweatt, K. S., (1998). Aggressive Communication Traits and Their Relationship With The Cognitive Flexibility Scale And The Communication Flexibility Scale. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13(3), 531-540.
  • Martin M. M., Staggers, S. M., Anderson, C. M. (2011). The relationships between cognitive flexibility with dogmatism, intellectual flexibility, preference for consistency, and self-compassion. Communication Research Reports, 28(3), 275-280.
  • Masley S., Roetzheim, R., Gualtieri, T. (2009). Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive flexibility. Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings, 16, 186-193.
  • Mekari S., Neyedli, H. F., Fraser, S., O’Brien, M. W., Martins, R., Evans, K., Dupuy, O. (2020). High-intensity interval training improves cognitive flexibility in older adults. Brain sciences, 10(11), 796.
  • Moore A., Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(1), 176-186.
  • Netz Y., Tomer, R., Axelrad, S., Argov, E., Inbar, O. (2007). The effect of a single aerobic training session on cognitive flexibility in late middle-aged adults. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(01), 82-87.
  • Nunnally JC., Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Özbey M., Ünal, H. (2020). Antrenör davranışları ile bilişsel esneklik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Amatör futbolcular üzerine bir çalışma. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(1), 23-39.
  • Palm K. M., Follette, V. M. (2011). The roles of cognitive flexibility and experiential avoidance in explaining psychological distress in survivors of interpersonal victimization. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 79-86.
  • Sabzevari F., Samadi, H., Ayatizadeh, F., Machado, S. (2023). Effectiveness of Mindfulness-acceptance-commitment based approach for Rumination, Cognitive Flexibility and Sports Performance of Elite Players of Beach Soccer: A Randomized Controlled Trial with 2-months Follow-up. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 19(1).
  • Sapmaz F., Doğan, T. (2013). Assessment of cognitive flexibility: Reliability and validity studies of Turkish version of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 46(1), 143-162.
  • Schober P., Boer, C., Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763-1768. Steiger J.H. (2000). Point estimation, hypothesis testing, and interval estimation using the RMSEA: some comments and a reply to Hayduk and Glaser. Structural Equation Modeling. 7(2),149-62.
  • Tabachnick L, Fidell, (2013) Using Multivariate Statistics (sixth ed.) Pearson, Boston.
  • Tchanturia K., Harrison A., Davies H., Robets M., Oldershaw A., Nakazato M., Stahl D., Morris R., Schmidt U., Treasure J. (2011). Cognitive flexibility and clinical severity in eating disorders. Plos One, 6(6), 1-5.
  • Tezbaşaran A. (1996). Likert tipi ölçek hazırlama kılavuzu. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
  • Tharp J., Pickering, A. D. (2011). Individual differences in cognitive-flexibility: the influence of spontaneous eyeblink rate, trait psychoticism and working memory on attentional set-shifting. Brain and Cognition, 75(2), 119-125.
  • Thompson B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
  • Venckunas T., Snieckus, A., Trinkunas, E., Baranauskiene, N., Solianik, R., Juodsnukis, A., Kamandulis, S. (2016). Interval running training improves cognitive flexibility and aerobic power of young healthy adults. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(8), 2114-2121.
  • Williams A. M., Elliott, D. (1999). Anxiety, expertise, and visual search strategy in karate. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(4), 362-375.
  • Williams A. M. (2009). Perceiving the intentions of others: how do skilled performers make anticipation judgments? Progress in brain research, 174, 73-83.

Adaptation of Cognitive Flexibility Inventory for Athletes: Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 221 - 240, 25.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.31680/gaunjss.1341783

Abstract

The aim of this study is to conduct a validity and reliability study of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory developed by Dennis and Wal (2010) and adapted into Turkish by Sapmaz and Doğan (2013) for the measurement of cognitive flexibility in order to achieve the optimal performance range in a sport environment. In this context, the research was conducted in 3 stages. In the analysis of the data, exploratory factor analysis was applied to reveal the structure of the inventory and confirmatory factor analysis was applied in the second stage to verify the structure obtained. In the third stage of the inventory, the structure of which was revealed and verified, Cronbach Alpha coefficients and test-retest method were used to determine its reliability. When the results obtained within the scope of the research were examined, it was determined that the inventory had the same structure as the original inventory and was grouped under 2 factors as a result of EFA analysis. It was determined that these two factors explained approximately 50.060% of the variance. In the confirmatory factor analysis conducted to verify the obtained structure, goodness of fit index values were determined as x2/sd(x2=473,568, sd=168)=2.81, RMSEA=0.074, SRMR=0.061, GFI=0.91, CFI=0.90. The Cronbach Alpha values of the inventory ranged between 0.87 and 0.91, and when the test-retest correlation coefficients were examined, it was determined that there were strong positive relationships between the sub-dimensions. As a result, it can be said that the Athlete Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, which consists of 20 items and 2 sub-dimensions, is a valid and reliable measurement tool for athletes.

References

  • Altunkol F. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklikleri ile algılanan stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Bilgin M. (2009). Bilişsel esnekliği yordayan bazı değişkenler. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(3), 142-157.
  • Byrne B. M. (2010). Testing for the factorial validity of a theoretical construct. Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming, 74-82.
  • Cartwright K. B. (Ed.). (2008). Literacy processes: Cognitive flexibility in learning and teaching. New York: Guilford.
  • Cohen J. (1992). Statistical Power Analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(3), 98-101.
  • Cousins L. A., Tomlinson, R. M., Cohen, L. L., McMurtry, C. M. (2016). The power of optimism: Applying a positive psychology framework to pediatric pain. Pediatric Pain Letter, 18(1), 1-5.
  • Crowe S. (1998). The differential contribution of mental tracking, cognitive flexibility, visual search, and motor speed to performance on Parts A and B of the Trail Making Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(5), 585-591.
  • Çuhadaroğlu A. (2013). Bilişsel esnekliğin yordayıcıları. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education. 2(1). 2147-1606.
  • De Vellis R. (2017). Scale development. Theory and applications (4. Baskı). Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Dennis J., Vander Wal, J.S. (2010). The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory: Instrument Development and Estimates of Reliability and Validity. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 34(3), 241-253.
  • Diril A. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklik düzeylerinin sosyodemografik değişkenler ve öfke düzeyi ile öfke ifade tarzları arasındaki ilişki açısından incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Doğan-Laçin B. G., Yalçın, İ. (2018). Predictive roles of self-efficacy and coping strategies in cognitive flexibility among university students. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 34(2), 358-371.
  • Fabrigar L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299.
  • Feldman G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., Laurenceau, J. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177-190.
  • Fornell C., Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • Frewen P. (2008). Letting Go: Mindfulness and Negative Automatic Thinking. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 32(6), 758-774.
  • George D., Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. New York: Routledge.
  • Gülsoy H., Erhan, S. E., Sevinç, K. (2022). Bilişsel Esneklik ve Spor. Spor Bilimlerinde Betimsel Metinler, 111-124. Gülüm İ. V., Dağ, İ., (2012). Tekrarlayıcı Düşünme Ölçeği ve Bilişsel Esneklik Envanterinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması, Geçerliliği ve Güvenirliği, Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(3), 216-223.
  • Gündüz, B. (2013). Bağlanma stilleri, akılcı olmayan inançlar ve psikolojik belirtilerin bilişsel esnekliği yordamadaki katkıları. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri,13(4), 2071-2085.
  • Hair J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. (5.th Ed). Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Han D. H., Park, H. W., Kee, B. S., Na, C., Na, D. H. E., Zaichkowsky, L. (2011). Performance enhancement with low stress and anxiety modulated by cognitive flexibility. Psychiatry investigation, 8(3), 221-226.
  • Hirt E. R., Devers, E. E., McCrea, S. M. (2008). I want to be creative: Exploring the role of hedonic contingency theory in the positive mood-cognitive flexibility link. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 214-230.
  • Kline RB. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Press, New York.
  • Lin Y, W. (2013). The effects of cognitive flexibility and openness to change on college students’ academic performance. Unpublished doctorate thesis. La Sierra University. UMI Number: 3572671.
  • Martin M. M., Anderson, C. M., Thweatt, K. S., (1998). Aggressive Communication Traits and Their Relationship With The Cognitive Flexibility Scale And The Communication Flexibility Scale. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13(3), 531-540.
  • Martin M. M., Staggers, S. M., Anderson, C. M. (2011). The relationships between cognitive flexibility with dogmatism, intellectual flexibility, preference for consistency, and self-compassion. Communication Research Reports, 28(3), 275-280.
  • Masley S., Roetzheim, R., Gualtieri, T. (2009). Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive flexibility. Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings, 16, 186-193.
  • Mekari S., Neyedli, H. F., Fraser, S., O’Brien, M. W., Martins, R., Evans, K., Dupuy, O. (2020). High-intensity interval training improves cognitive flexibility in older adults. Brain sciences, 10(11), 796.
  • Moore A., Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(1), 176-186.
  • Netz Y., Tomer, R., Axelrad, S., Argov, E., Inbar, O. (2007). The effect of a single aerobic training session on cognitive flexibility in late middle-aged adults. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(01), 82-87.
  • Nunnally JC., Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Özbey M., Ünal, H. (2020). Antrenör davranışları ile bilişsel esneklik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Amatör futbolcular üzerine bir çalışma. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(1), 23-39.
  • Palm K. M., Follette, V. M. (2011). The roles of cognitive flexibility and experiential avoidance in explaining psychological distress in survivors of interpersonal victimization. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 79-86.
  • Sabzevari F., Samadi, H., Ayatizadeh, F., Machado, S. (2023). Effectiveness of Mindfulness-acceptance-commitment based approach for Rumination, Cognitive Flexibility and Sports Performance of Elite Players of Beach Soccer: A Randomized Controlled Trial with 2-months Follow-up. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 19(1).
  • Sapmaz F., Doğan, T. (2013). Assessment of cognitive flexibility: Reliability and validity studies of Turkish version of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 46(1), 143-162.
  • Schober P., Boer, C., Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763-1768. Steiger J.H. (2000). Point estimation, hypothesis testing, and interval estimation using the RMSEA: some comments and a reply to Hayduk and Glaser. Structural Equation Modeling. 7(2),149-62.
  • Tabachnick L, Fidell, (2013) Using Multivariate Statistics (sixth ed.) Pearson, Boston.
  • Tchanturia K., Harrison A., Davies H., Robets M., Oldershaw A., Nakazato M., Stahl D., Morris R., Schmidt U., Treasure J. (2011). Cognitive flexibility and clinical severity in eating disorders. Plos One, 6(6), 1-5.
  • Tezbaşaran A. (1996). Likert tipi ölçek hazırlama kılavuzu. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
  • Tharp J., Pickering, A. D. (2011). Individual differences in cognitive-flexibility: the influence of spontaneous eyeblink rate, trait psychoticism and working memory on attentional set-shifting. Brain and Cognition, 75(2), 119-125.
  • Thompson B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
  • Venckunas T., Snieckus, A., Trinkunas, E., Baranauskiene, N., Solianik, R., Juodsnukis, A., Kamandulis, S. (2016). Interval running training improves cognitive flexibility and aerobic power of young healthy adults. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(8), 2114-2121.
  • Williams A. M., Elliott, D. (1999). Anxiety, expertise, and visual search strategy in karate. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(4), 362-375.
  • Williams A. M. (2009). Perceiving the intentions of others: how do skilled performers make anticipation judgments? Progress in brain research, 174, 73-83.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Activity Management
Journal Section Sporda Psiko-Sosyal Alanlar
Authors

Yunus Emre Yarayan 0000-0003-0582-8088

Muhammed Özkan Turhan 0000-0002-1671-0029

Gönül Tekkurşun Demir 0000-0002-2451-5194

Publication Date September 25, 2023
Submission Date August 12, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yarayan, Y. E., Turhan, M. Ö., & Tekkurşun Demir, G. (2023). Bilişsel Esneklik Envanterinin Sporcular için Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 221-240. https://doi.org/10.31680/gaunjss.1341783

ISSN: 2536-5339

Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi

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