Research Article
Relationships between Flow Experience, Personality, Emotional Intelligence, and Performance in a Race Car Driving Simulation
Abstract
Objectives: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among flow experience, personality, emotional intelligence and performance in race car driving simulation. Another aim of the study was to investigate whether flow experience together with personality and emotional intelligence predicts performance in race car driving simulation.
Material and Methods: Thirty individuals who had at least 2 years’ experience with car driving simulation programs and equipment were required to drive two time trials of
three laps each in the absence of other competitors. Performances were determined by the mean time taken to complete the 3 laps. Driving simulation was carried out via Play
Station 3, Logitech G27 Racing Wheel, as well as its accelerator and brake. Gran Turismo 5 car racing simulation program and LG 102 cm HD TV were also used.
Results: Performance in driving was most strongly related to autotelic experience, extraversion, and utilization of emotion. Different combinations of personality and
emotional intelligence dimensions were able to predict certain flow facets.
Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that flow experience may have the potential to facilitate driving performance. Further, certain personality and emotional
intelligence dimensions may lead to the experience of flow.
References
- Asci, F. H., Cağlar, E., Eklund, R. C., Altintas, A., & Jacson, S. (2007). The adaptation study of Dispositional Flow State-2 and Flow State Scale-2. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 18(4), 182-196.
- Austin, E. J., Saklofske, D. H., Huang, S. H., & McKenney, D. (2004). Measurement of trait emotional intelligence: testing and cross-validating a modified version of Schutte et al.’s (1998) measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 555–562.
- Bakker, A. B., Oerlemans, W., Demerouti, E., Slot, B. B., & Ali, D. K. (2011). Flow and performance: A study among talented Dutch soccer players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(4), 442–450.
- Bartley, C. E., & Roesch, S. C. (2011). Coping with Daily Stress: The Role of Conscientiousness. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(1), 79–83.
- Binboga, E., Guven S., Catikkas, F., Beyazit O., & Tok, S. (2012). Psychophysiological Responses to Competition and the Big Five Personality Traits. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33(1), 187-194.
- Chamorro-premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2004). A possible model for understanding the personality – intelligence interface. British Journal of Psychology, 95(2), 249–264.
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper and Row.
- D’Zurilla, T. J., Maydeu-Olivares, A., & Gallardo-Pujol, D. (2011). Predicting social problem solving using personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 142–147.
- Edmonds, W. a, Tenenbaum, G., Mann, D. T. Y., Johnson, M., & Kamata, A. (2008). The effect of biofeedback training on affective regulation and simulated car-racing performance: a multiple case study analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(7), 761–73.
- Elbe, a-M., Strahler, K., Krustrup, P., Wikman, J., & Stelter, R. (2010). Experiencing flow in different types of physical activity intervention programs: three randomized studies. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(1), 111–7.
- Eysenck. H. J. (1967). The Biological Basis of Personality. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
- Furnham, A., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & McDougall, F. (2002). Personality, cognitive ability, and beliefs about intelligence as predictors of academic performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 14(1), 47–64.
- Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.
- Jackson SA, & Eklund RC. (2004). The Flow Scales Manual. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, Inc.
- Jackson, S. A. (2001). Relationships between Flow , Self-Concept , Psychological Skills , and Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(2), 129-153.
- Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The Flow State Scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 17–35.
- Jackson, S. A., Kimiecik, J. C., Ford, S., & Marsh, H.W. (1998). Psychological correlates of flow in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(4), 358-378.
- Jackson, S. a., Thomas, P. R., Marsh, H. W., & Smethurst, C. J. (2001). Relationships between Flow, Self-Concept, Psychological Skills, and Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(2), 129–153.
- Janson, L., Archer, T., & Norlander, T. (2005). Achievement of timing in the highest competitive level: the necessity of a ‘‘driving conviction’’. Athletic Insight: Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 7(2).
- Kaiseler, M., Polman, R. C. J., & Nicholls, A. R. (2012). Effects of the Big Five personality dimensions on appraisal coping, and coping effectiveness in sport. European Journal of Sport Science, 12(1), 62–72.
- Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2009). Evaluation of Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement ( MSPE ): A New Approach to Promote Flow in Athletes. Journal of Clinical Sports Psychology, 3(4), 334–356.
- Kimiecik, J. C., & Stein, G. L. (1992). Examining flow experiences in sport contexts: conceptual issues and methodological concerns. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4(2), 144-160.
- Lindsay, P., Maynard, I., & Thomas, O. (2005). Effects of hypnosis on flow states and cycling performance. The Sport Psychologist, 19(2), 164-177.
- Maclean, M. H., & Arnell, K. M. (2010). Personality predicts temporal attention costs in the attentional blink paradigm. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(4), 556–62.
- Martel, M. M., Nikolas, M., Jernigan, K., Friderici, K., & Nigg, J. T. (2010). Personality mediation of genetic effects on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(5), 633–43.
- Matthews, G., Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M. C. (2003). Personality Traits. Cambridge University, Cambridge.
- Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence. In P. Salovey, & D. Sluyter, Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3-34). New York: Basicbooks, Inc.
- Miller, C. J., Miller, S. R., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2008). Personality characteristics associated with persistent ADHD in late adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(2), 165–73.
- Nater, U. M., Hoppmann, C., & Klumb, P. L. (2010). Neuroticism and conscientiousness are associated with cortisol diurnal profiles in adults-role of positive and negative affect. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(10), 1573–7.
- Petrides, K. V. & Furnham, A. (2003). Trait Emotional Intelligence : Behavioural Validation in Two Studies of Emotion Recognition and Reactivity to Mood Induction. European Journal of Personality, 17(3), 39–57.
- Ross, S. R., & Keiser, H. N. (2014). Autotelic personality through a five-factor lens: Individual differences in flow-propensity. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 3-8.
- Schüler, J., & Brunner, S. (2009). The rewarding effect of flow experience on performance in a marathon race. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 168–174.
- Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 167–177.
- Seipp, B. (1991). Anxiety and academic performance: A meta-analysis. Anxiety Research, 4(1), 46–53.
- Stavrou, N. A., Jackson, S. A., Zervas, Y., & Karteroliotis, K. (2007). Flow experience and athletes’ performance with reference to the orthogonal model of flow. The Sport Psychologist, 21(4), 438–457.
- Stoll, O., & Lau, A. (2005). Flow-Erleben beim Marathonlauf – Zusammenhange mit Anfoderungspassung und Leistung. [Experiencing ‘‘flow’’ during a marathon. Associations with the fit between demand and ability]. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie, 12(3), 75–82.
- Swann, C., Keegan, R. J., Piggott, D., & Crust, L. (2012). A systematic review of the experience, occurrence, and controllability of flow states in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 807–819.
- Szymura, B., & Necka, E. (1998). Visual selective attention and personality: An experimental verification of three models of extra version. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(5), 713–729.
- Tatar, A. (2005). Çok boyutlu kişilik envanteri’nin madde-cevap kuramina göre kisa formunun geliştirilmesi ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi [Development of the short form multidimensional personality inventory and examination of its psychometric properties according to item response theory]. (unpublished Doctoral dissertation). Ege University, Izmir.
- Tatar, A., Tok, S., & Saltukoglu, G. (2011). Adaptation of the Revised Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale into Turkish and Examination of its Psychometric Properties. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21(4), 325-338.
- Ullén, F., de Manzano, Ö., Almeida, R., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Nakamura, J., Csíkszentmihályi, M., & Madison, G.(2012). Proneness for psychological flow in everyday life: Associations with personality and intelligence. Personalityand Individual Differences, 52(2), 167–172.
- Williams, R. (1999). The death of Ayrton Senna. New York: Penguin Books.
Yarış Otomobili Sürüş Simülasyonunda Akış Deneyimi, Kişilik, Duygusal Zeka ve Performans Arasındaki İlişki
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın başlıca amacı; akış deneyimi, kişilik, duygusal zeka ve yarış
otomobili sürüş simülasyonundaki performans arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir.
Çalışmanın bir diğer amacı ise akış deneyiminin, kişilik ve duygusal zeka ile birlikte yarış
otomobili sürüş simülasyonundaki performansı öngörüp öngöremeyeceğini araştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırmaya yarış otomobili sürüş simülasyonu konusunda en az
iki yıl deneyime sahip 30 erkek katılmıştır. Katılımcılar zamana karşı 2x3 turluk sürüş
simulasyonunda en iyi tur zamanını yapmayı denemişlerdir. Sürüş simülasyonu için Play
Station 3 oyun konsolu, Logitech G27 direksiyon ve pedal seti, Gran Turismo 5 yarış
otomobili simülasyon programı ve LG 102 cm HD TV kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Sonuçlar sürüş simülasyonundaki performans ile akış deneyimi alt boyutlarından
amaca ulaşma deneyimi arasında güçlü bir ilişkiyi göstermiştir. Kişilik ve duygusal
zekanın çeşitli kombinasyonları bazı akış boyutlarını anlamlı olarak öngörebilmiştir.
Sonuç: Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar akış deneyiminin sürüş performansını
kolaylaştırabileceğine işaret etmiştir. Buna ek olarak, bazı kişilik ve duygusal zeka
boyutlarının akış deneyimine yatkınlık sağlayabileceği de araştırma sonuçlarında ortaya
çıkmıştır.
References
- Asci, F. H., Cağlar, E., Eklund, R. C., Altintas, A., & Jacson, S. (2007). The adaptation study of Dispositional Flow State-2 and Flow State Scale-2. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 18(4), 182-196.
- Austin, E. J., Saklofske, D. H., Huang, S. H., & McKenney, D. (2004). Measurement of trait emotional intelligence: testing and cross-validating a modified version of Schutte et al.’s (1998) measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 555–562.
- Bakker, A. B., Oerlemans, W., Demerouti, E., Slot, B. B., & Ali, D. K. (2011). Flow and performance: A study among talented Dutch soccer players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(4), 442–450.
- Bartley, C. E., & Roesch, S. C. (2011). Coping with Daily Stress: The Role of Conscientiousness. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(1), 79–83.
- Binboga, E., Guven S., Catikkas, F., Beyazit O., & Tok, S. (2012). Psychophysiological Responses to Competition and the Big Five Personality Traits. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33(1), 187-194.
- Chamorro-premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2004). A possible model for understanding the personality – intelligence interface. British Journal of Psychology, 95(2), 249–264.
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper and Row.
- D’Zurilla, T. J., Maydeu-Olivares, A., & Gallardo-Pujol, D. (2011). Predicting social problem solving using personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 142–147.
- Edmonds, W. a, Tenenbaum, G., Mann, D. T. Y., Johnson, M., & Kamata, A. (2008). The effect of biofeedback training on affective regulation and simulated car-racing performance: a multiple case study analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(7), 761–73.
- Elbe, a-M., Strahler, K., Krustrup, P., Wikman, J., & Stelter, R. (2010). Experiencing flow in different types of physical activity intervention programs: three randomized studies. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(1), 111–7.
- Eysenck. H. J. (1967). The Biological Basis of Personality. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
- Furnham, A., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & McDougall, F. (2002). Personality, cognitive ability, and beliefs about intelligence as predictors of academic performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 14(1), 47–64.
- Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.
- Jackson SA, & Eklund RC. (2004). The Flow Scales Manual. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, Inc.
- Jackson, S. A. (2001). Relationships between Flow , Self-Concept , Psychological Skills , and Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(2), 129-153.
- Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The Flow State Scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 17–35.
- Jackson, S. A., Kimiecik, J. C., Ford, S., & Marsh, H.W. (1998). Psychological correlates of flow in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(4), 358-378.
- Jackson, S. a., Thomas, P. R., Marsh, H. W., & Smethurst, C. J. (2001). Relationships between Flow, Self-Concept, Psychological Skills, and Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(2), 129–153.
- Janson, L., Archer, T., & Norlander, T. (2005). Achievement of timing in the highest competitive level: the necessity of a ‘‘driving conviction’’. Athletic Insight: Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 7(2).
- Kaiseler, M., Polman, R. C. J., & Nicholls, A. R. (2012). Effects of the Big Five personality dimensions on appraisal coping, and coping effectiveness in sport. European Journal of Sport Science, 12(1), 62–72.
- Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2009). Evaluation of Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement ( MSPE ): A New Approach to Promote Flow in Athletes. Journal of Clinical Sports Psychology, 3(4), 334–356.
- Kimiecik, J. C., & Stein, G. L. (1992). Examining flow experiences in sport contexts: conceptual issues and methodological concerns. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4(2), 144-160.
- Lindsay, P., Maynard, I., & Thomas, O. (2005). Effects of hypnosis on flow states and cycling performance. The Sport Psychologist, 19(2), 164-177.
- Maclean, M. H., & Arnell, K. M. (2010). Personality predicts temporal attention costs in the attentional blink paradigm. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(4), 556–62.
- Martel, M. M., Nikolas, M., Jernigan, K., Friderici, K., & Nigg, J. T. (2010). Personality mediation of genetic effects on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(5), 633–43.
- Matthews, G., Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M. C. (2003). Personality Traits. Cambridge University, Cambridge.
- Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence. In P. Salovey, & D. Sluyter, Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3-34). New York: Basicbooks, Inc.
- Miller, C. J., Miller, S. R., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2008). Personality characteristics associated with persistent ADHD in late adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(2), 165–73.
- Nater, U. M., Hoppmann, C., & Klumb, P. L. (2010). Neuroticism and conscientiousness are associated with cortisol diurnal profiles in adults-role of positive and negative affect. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(10), 1573–7.
- Petrides, K. V. & Furnham, A. (2003). Trait Emotional Intelligence : Behavioural Validation in Two Studies of Emotion Recognition and Reactivity to Mood Induction. European Journal of Personality, 17(3), 39–57.
- Ross, S. R., & Keiser, H. N. (2014). Autotelic personality through a five-factor lens: Individual differences in flow-propensity. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 3-8.
- Schüler, J., & Brunner, S. (2009). The rewarding effect of flow experience on performance in a marathon race. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 168–174.
- Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 167–177.
- Seipp, B. (1991). Anxiety and academic performance: A meta-analysis. Anxiety Research, 4(1), 46–53.
- Stavrou, N. A., Jackson, S. A., Zervas, Y., & Karteroliotis, K. (2007). Flow experience and athletes’ performance with reference to the orthogonal model of flow. The Sport Psychologist, 21(4), 438–457.
- Stoll, O., & Lau, A. (2005). Flow-Erleben beim Marathonlauf – Zusammenhange mit Anfoderungspassung und Leistung. [Experiencing ‘‘flow’’ during a marathon. Associations with the fit between demand and ability]. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie, 12(3), 75–82.
- Swann, C., Keegan, R. J., Piggott, D., & Crust, L. (2012). A systematic review of the experience, occurrence, and controllability of flow states in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 807–819.
- Szymura, B., & Necka, E. (1998). Visual selective attention and personality: An experimental verification of three models of extra version. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(5), 713–729.
- Tatar, A. (2005). Çok boyutlu kişilik envanteri’nin madde-cevap kuramina göre kisa formunun geliştirilmesi ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi [Development of the short form multidimensional personality inventory and examination of its psychometric properties according to item response theory]. (unpublished Doctoral dissertation). Ege University, Izmir.
- Tatar, A., Tok, S., & Saltukoglu, G. (2011). Adaptation of the Revised Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale into Turkish and Examination of its Psychometric Properties. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21(4), 325-338.
- Ullén, F., de Manzano, Ö., Almeida, R., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Nakamura, J., Csíkszentmihályi, M., & Madison, G.(2012). Proneness for psychological flow in everyday life: Associations with personality and intelligence. Personalityand Individual Differences, 52(2), 167–172.
- Williams, R. (1999). The death of Ayrton Senna. New York: Penguin Books.
There are 42 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2017 |
| Submission Date | January 1, 2017 |
| Acceptance Date | March 30, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 Volume: 12 Issue: 1 |
